1. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject，or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct. (英语二，2012年阅读T1)
重点词汇：
meanwhile adv. 同时
meaningful adj. 有意义的
appropriate adj. 合适的
assign v. 分配；指派
review v. 回顾，复习，检查
句子结构分析：
Meanwhile是副词，这里可以理解为两个句子：this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject和this policy does nothing to ensure that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct。第一个句子中，主语是this policy，谓语是does nothing to ensure……，其中包含that 引导的宾语从句，做ensure的宾语。从句中主语是the homework，student receive是省略先行词的定语从句来修饰homework，系动词是is，表语是meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject。第二个语句中，主语是this policy，谓语是does nothing to ensure……，其中包含that 引导的宾语从句，做ensure的宾语。从句中主语是the teacher，系动词是are not，表语是assigning more than they are willing to review and correct。
参考译文：
同时，该政策没有确保学生做的家庭作业是否是有意义的，或者是否适合他们的年龄和所学学科，或者老师是否不过量布置作业。
2. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. (英语二，2012年阅读T4)
重点词汇：
economic historian 经济史学家
lengthy adj. 漫长的，冗长的；啰唆的
economic stagnation 经济停滞，经济萧条
economic decline 经济衰退
reverse v. 颠倒；倒转
advance n. 发展
The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth《经济增长的道德后果》
句子结构分析：
In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth 是状语，主句的主语是the economic historian Benjamin Friedman，谓语动词是argues，宾语是that引导的宾语从句。从句中主语是the economic historian Benjamin Friedman，从句主要有两个谓语用and 连接，一个是have almost always left，另一个是have usually stopped or reversed，对应的宾语分别是society more mean-spirited and less inclusive和the advance of rights and freedoms，其中more mean-spirited and less inclusive是society的修饰语。
参考译文：
在《经济增长的道德后果》一书中，经济史学家本杰明·弗里德曼（Benjamin Friedman）认为，不管是美国还是其他国家，长期经济停滞或衰退几乎总是让社会更加吝啬，包容性更低，并且通常使得人权和自由停滞不前或者倒退。
3. After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position — no matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them. (英语二，2013年阅读T4)
重点词汇：
after all 毕竟，终究
decade n. 十年
evidence n. 证据
corporation n. 公司
evade v. 逃避，规避
meritocratic adj. 精英管理的
promotion n. 晋升
句子结构分析：
After all是状语，主句的主语是four decades of evidence，谓语动词是has now shown，宾语是that引导的宾语从句，从句中的主语是corporations in Europe as well as the US，谓语是are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position，最后的no matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them是让步状语从句，them指代的前文提到的公司。
参考译文：
要知道，四十年的证据现在已经表明：欧洲和美国的企业一直在避开将女性招聘为精英或晋升到高层，不管受到多大“软压力”。
4. Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. （英语一，2010年阅读T2）
重点词汇：
patent n. 专利
scale back 相应缩减；按比例缩减
controversial adj. 有争议的；有争论的
authorize n. 批准，认可；授权给
business-method patents 商业方法专利
句子结构分析：
本句的主干是the nation’s top patent court appears ready to scale back on business-method patents，其中now是时间状语，主语是the nation’s top patent court，谓语是appears completely ready to scale back，宾语是business-method patents。which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰business-method patents，从句的主语是which，系动词是have been，表语是controversial，最后是ever since引导的时间状语从句。时间状语从句中主语是they，指代business-method patents，谓语是were first authorized，10 years ago是时间状语。
参考译文：
现在，美国国家最高专利法庭似乎完全准备好缩减商业方法专利的数量，因为自从这类专利10年前首次批准授予开始，就一直存在争议。
5. The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. （英语一，2010年阅读T3）
重点词汇：
influentials n. 有影响力的人士
plausible adj. 貌似可信的，花言巧语的；貌似真实的，貌似有理的
untested adj. 未经检验的
句子结构分析：
本句的主干部分为The supposed importance of influentials derives from a theory。主语是The supposed importance of influentials，根据上下文判定influentials指的是有影响力的人士；谓语是derives from；宾语是a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory，其中plausible-sounding 和largely untested作定语修饰theory；called the “two-step flow of communication”属于后置定语，修饰theory。冒号后的句子是two step flow of communication的同位语，解释说明二级传播理论的具体内容。句子的主语是Information，谓语动词是flows，宾语是from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else。
参考译文：
这种所谓的有影响力的人士的重要性源于一种看似合理的但大多未经证实的“二级传播理论”：即信息经由媒体传递给有影响力的人，继而由他们传播给其他所有人。
6. As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. （英语一，2011年阅读T1）
重点词汇：
description n. 描述，描写
orchestra n. 管弦乐队
hitherto adv. 迄今；至今
faint adj. 模糊的；头晕的；虚弱的
句子结构分析：
As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez是as引导的介词短语a description of the next music director，后边的that引导的定语从句修饰an orchestra。本句话的主干是that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise，主语是that，实际指代description，谓语是seems likely to have struck，宾语是at least some Times readers，as faint praise是补语，对于读者的态度进一步说明。
参考译文：
对于一个迄今为止一直是由像Gustav Mahler和Pierre Boulez这样的音乐家来率领的交响乐团，这样描述其下一任音乐总监，似乎至少会让一些《泰晤士报》的读者觉得是明褒暗贬。
7. It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter—nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. （英语一，2011年阅读T4）
重点词汇：
insightful adj. 有深刻见解的，富有洞察力的
provocative adj. 刺激的，挑拨的；气人的
magazine cover 杂志封面
chatter n. 唠叨
fulfilling adj. 令人满意的；能实现个人抱负的；令人高兴的
enrich v. 使充实；使肥沃；使富足
句子结构分析：
本句是由破折号连接的两个并列句，第二句是对第一句的进一步的解释和说明。第一句中，it作形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。that引导的从句中，主语是Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story，系动词是is，表语是arousing much chatter，其中“I love My Children, I Hate My Life,”作为文章名字属于同位语，解释前面的story。第二句中，nothing gets people talking like the suggestion是一个比较结构；that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience是that引导的同位语从句，对suggestion进行解释说明。
参考译文：
珍妮佛·赛尼尔（Jennifer Senior）的那篇见解独到且颇具煽动性的杂志封面文章《我爱我的孩子，但我讨厌我的生活》正引起广泛讨论，这不足为奇——没有什么能够比“抚育孩子并不完全是一种充盈自己、丰富生活的体验”这样的示意更能引起人们的热议了。
8. In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. (英语一，2012年阅读T3)
重点词汇：
idealized adj. 理想化的
researcher n. 研究人员
carry out 执行，实行；贯彻；实现；完成
句子结构分析：
本句的主干为facts are waiting to be observed and collected。其中In the idealized version of how science is done为整个句子的状语，其中介宾结构of how science is done是version的后置定语，包含一个从句how science is done做介词of的宾语。who use the scientific method to carry out their work为定语从句，修饰researchers。
参考译文：
在科学研究的理想化状态下，关于世界万物的真相正等待着客观的研究人员去观察和收集，这些研究人员会用科学的方法来开展他们的工作。
9. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous. (英语一，2012年阅读T4)
重点词汇：
politicians n. 政治家
backload 变相调整。（原意指反铲装载，从后面装载）
public sector 国营部门；政府资助的企事业
pay deals 工资协议；支付交易
modest adj. 适度的
pensions n. 养老金
句子结构分析：
句子的主干是Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals，主语是politicians，谓语是have repeatedly “backloaded”，宾语是public-sector pay deals；逗号后keeping……and adding to……是现在分词短语作定语，相当于省略了引导词which。其中，adding to holidays and especially pensions后that引导的定语从句用来修饰pensions。
参考译文：
政治家们一再“变相地提高”公共部门的工资待遇——薪资增长的幅度不大，但增加了假期，尤其增加了本已很丰厚的养老金。
10. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. (英语一，2013年阅读T3)
重点词汇：
evolution n. 演变；进化论；进展
consequence n. 结果；重要性；推论
dazzlingly adv. 耀眼地；灿烂地；十分，非常地
science fiction 科幻小说
futurologists n. 未来学家
envisage v. 想象；正视；面对
句子结构分析：
本句主要由and连接的两个并列句组成。第一个句子的主语是The potential evolution of today's technology and its social consequences，系动词是is，表语是dazzlingly complicated，这里dazzlingly修饰complicated指“极其，非常”。第二个句子中主干是it's best left，这里it是形式主语，真正的主语是to explore the many possibilities we can envisage，其中包括定语从句we can envisage来修饰possibilities；谓语是is left，属于被动语态，best是副词，修饰该谓语动词；介宾短语to science fiction writers and futurologists是left的状语，说明left的对象，整句即to explore the many possibilities we can envisage is best left to science fiction writers and futurologists。
参考译文：
当今技术的发展趋势及其社会影响是极其复杂的，或许，最好的办法是让科幻小说家和未来学家去探索我们所能设想到的种种可能。
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