口语第一题：

NO.1

Task 1

Your friend is considering getting a new pet. What kind of animal would you suggest and what advice will you give him?

NO.2

The university acts as a venue for three kinds of student activities:

- Concerts performed by students

- Drama acted out by theater students

- Lectures given by a well-known professor

Which one do you prefer? Use details and examples to explain.

NO.3

1. University students are facing many challenges with their studies. What do you think is themost difficult challenge they face? Use details and examples to explain.

NO.4

Task1:

在这一百年之内有很多发明,说一个你觉得对你生活改变最大的.

NO.5

Task 1

在学校里喜欢什么活动What activities do you like to do at school?

NO.6

TASK1 上过的两个学校，解释两个学校的区别。

NO.7

口1.Describe why organizing time is challenging for university students and why it is important?

NO.8

Talk about an important decision that you have made. Explain in detail why this decision was important to you.

NO.9

Which one of the following would you like to do on the weekend: stay with your family, go to the gym, or watch TV?

NO.10

If your friend is dropping out of the college, would you consider it a good thing?

NO.11

大学收到一大笔钱，问你认为应该花在哪里来改善学生的生活：技术运动设施，研究

NO.12

Which of the following Art classes would you be more interested in taking? Wood Sculpture, Painting or Photography?

三选一，可以学一样art，选哪样? wood sculpture; painting; 摄影;

NO.13

你有个哥们要面试了，他问你要ADVICE啊，你觉得他怎么样才能成功哇？

NO.14

你认为哪个时期是最困难的：童年时期，青少年时期，成年时期？Which period do you think is most difficult: childhood, teenager oradulthood?

NO.15

Describe your first time to go to school when you were young, you like it or not.

NO.16

你住的国家面临的问题... 翻译的不知道对不对原题似乎是" explain your country's problem or OOXX

NO.17

描述一个你喜欢与之聊天的人。

Describe a person whom you would like to talk with often (this person could be one of your close friends, family members or teachers). Explain why you would like to talk with this person and what you would talk about?

NO.18

What are some important effects of the worldwide availability of Internet on modern people's lives? Use specific details and examples to support your response.

口语第二题：

NO.1

People often will watch movies or television shows with their families and friends. Some prefer to remain quiet until the end of the movies or shows, while others prefer to discuss with family members and friends while watching. Which do you prefer? Use details and examples to explain.

NO.2

Do you agree or disagree: it is more enjoyable to read fictional literature than those of non-fiction.

NO.3

有些人觉得在大学的学习是很重要的,有的人觉得它并不怎么重要,你的观点?

NO.4

Do you like to study alone or with others?

NO.5

Do you agree or disagree with the statement that it’s important for students to study Art and Music in school. Explain your answer in details.

NO.6

Do you agree or disagree that children should learn to draw or paint

NO.7

Do you agree or disagree that assignments handed in after the deadline should receive a lower score?

NO.8

有的大学强制上外语课，有的强制上计算机课。你认为哪个更重要？

NO.9

选择participate in activities alone or with a team or group.

NO.10

你同意富人应当帮助穷人这种观点吗？Do you agree that wealthy people should be required to help poor people?

NO.11

Some people think students should study in classroom. While others believe that they should visit museum and zoo to study. Which one do you like?

NO.12

Some students prefer to study in a library. Others prefer to study at home or in dormitories. Which way do you prefer and why? Include reasons and details in your response.

NO.13

你同意参与课堂讨论能使学生学到更多这个观点吗？

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Participating in class discussions makes students learn more. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

NO.14

Some students prefer to go to universities or colleges in their hometown. Others prefer to go to universities or colleges in new cities or towns. Which do you prefer and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.

NO.15

Do you think that people will read fewer books in the future than they do today? Give details and examples to support your response. Begin your response after the beep.

NO.16

If you have time, would you choose to learn to play a new musical instrument or learn to play a new sport?

NO.17

高中毕业后,有些选择直接进入大学深造,有些要take a break, 你会选择哪个, 陈述理由

NO.18

你是否觉得it is important to study the hist0ry from ancestors

口语第三题：

NO.1

Reading: Only qualified students have the right to work at the computer center. There are 3 reasons for this, but they are irrelevant to the speaking part.

Listening:

Man: I don't think it works.

Reason:

1）There should be a minimum grade requirement. How do you decide if a student is qualified enough? The university should offer a computer repair course. (这个地方我不是很确定)

2）Even when prospective students' pass the minimum grade requirement, they should only be allowed to handle situations that aren't overly complicated.

NO.2

Reading Part:

Nowadays, college newspaper hires students from different majors to write for them articles. In the future, they should only hire journalism students to write. This way they can deal with students who are actually interested in news and have more articles completed.

Listening part: Disagree

1) Students in other majors may also be interested in writing news pieces, so the school should encourage those students to write for college newspaper as well. Take this history major for example. He wants to enter the news industry in the future.

2) Having more articles isn't important. There is no point in having too many articles coming in, because the newspaper may not have the resources and time to deal with editing so much writing. The process of preparing an article is complicated, as it includes the efforts of both the editors and the writers. There is a lot of back and forth between those who write and those who review and edit.

NO.3

Task 3

【学生写信】：

学生写信建议学校的剧院演出应该向所有人免费开放。

好处1：当地居民能够得到free entrainment;

好处2：观众多了演员会演的更有热情。

【学生态度】：男生赞成此建议。

理由1：nearby没有什么theater, 来回的交通费加上演出费很贵。开放学校剧院能让当地居民不用跑很远就能欣赏到professional的演出；

理由2：男生自己作为一个actor, 觉得观众多可以给他鼓励。举例说当表演一段幽默戏的时候，底下只坐了一半人，没什么人笑，会影响表演质量。相反，要是人多，反响热烈，表演也更有劲了。

Question：Explain the man’s opinion and why he holds that opinion.

NO.4

阅读：一个学生给的提议，说学校地上垃圾多，张贴画也脏，多。提议学生组成volunteer,分组拾垃圾。

听力中两个学生讨论，一个女生就不同意，她说：脏要看情况，我们学校这么大，人这么多。刚扫干净，又会有垃圾，张贴画，你撕了人家再贴，也是一样的，而且学生到学校是学习的，不是做志愿者的。真要干净校园，学校要雇人，花钱叫专人来干。

NO.5

阅读建议：在学生宿舍中增加kitchen. 理由1)give an alternative to eating。理由2)having fun to prepare and eat with friends

听力观点：男学生同意该提议。理由1)学校餐厅的饭不好吃，如果有食堂就有了另外一个选择。理由2)除了有乐趣以外，还能在准备饭的同时彼此互相学习。

NO.6

口3.proposal of adding seats in the Andreson Theater

要求概括这个proposal以及一个女生的反对。

A.seats不够，很多show是学生们想去但买不了票的-反对：只有少数是这样，大部分show都有位子，所以没需要加seats

B.学校能通过更多位子卖更多票增加收入-反对：收入个毛，这是big investment, construction cost a lot, 而且take years去收回老本。

NO.7

Reading: The univeristy is planning a new writing center to

1) help students organize their thoughts in order to get better grades

2) foster abilities related to actual jobs  

Listening: Our plan for the center  

1) The professors are usually busy and have no time to help students with improving their writing. The new center can do that.

2) The center is good for editing student writing and for helping them discover career options in the future.

NO.8

一学生写信申请图书馆让用手机cellphone，女生反对，理由1:低声说话对方听不见，大声势必noise理由2:急事可以出去打电话，check message

NO.9

The student proposes the university should open a snack shop on campus that is entirely operated by students because it will help to create jobs for students and be convenient for students to buy food.

The man agrees with him.

First, it helps students gain the experience of running a business.

Second, the current café is far away from the school building. It takes a lot of time to buy a cup of coffee or a sandwich. What's more, it also takes at least 15 minutes to drive to the café.

NO.10

阅读：停止爵士合唱团，因为感兴趣的人少，没有必要继续了

听力：女人觉得真不好。

理由一：主要是因为平时训得太勤了，导致很多学生不来了

理由二：没有其他选择了，很多是经典，但不是爵士，女人不喜欢，其他学生也不喜欢。

NO.11

是学生写了一封信提议学校Improve library,集中两个方面，一个是增加可以查书的电脑；另一个是add faculties

男生表示很支持。第一很多学生在图书馆发邮件做research, 要排队才能用上电脑look up books.第二这些faculties都是学生可以增加工作机会。

NO.12

PETER给学校写信，说，那个DINING HALL前面的草坪因为SPORTS都要光光了，太不美观了吧！快点禁止学生在上面活动吧！禁止也不会有啥不便的哇，想活动去GYM呗。

对话：

MAN：你咋看待介问题啊？

WOMAN：切，这样做根本木有用处。

MAN：咋咧？

WOMAN：这个问题并不主要是SPORTS造成的啊，大家去上课为了节约时间都不走大道走草坪，那当然完了完了滴啦！你说你禁止SPORTS有个啥用。

MAN：你说的也对噢!

WOMAN：而且大家活动都是在课间的时候，GYM那么那么远，难得跑呗。

MAN：嗯哦，课间只有 10-15分钟。

NO.13

A student proposal suggests the university creating a lunge for commuter students.

　　Boy说没必要，因为不只是commuter students，大部分学生的dorm也很远，他们也随身带着所有要用的东西

而且commuters学生不用去lunge 看bus schedule什么的，他们可以用电脑上网到 station website获取schedule

NO.14

Reading: a new cafe near the library.

Listening: 男的说好。

（1）有了cafe which is just 20 minute's walk，他就可以去图书馆学习，然后花很短的时间吃个饭，再返回去学习了。

（2）it is good for ""group project""(原话).图书馆里学习都不能讨论，需要安静，但是在cafe就可以大家讨论。他说有了cafe就可以大家现在图书馆学习，然后meet in the cafe讨论一会儿，然后再back to the lib学习。

NO.15

【学生写信】

学生写信建议学校应该在新生开学之前，给他们future roommate的contact information: email和电话。

好处1：可以让新生们早点互相认识，先交朋友。

好处2：可以plan到时候带去的东西，以免带重。【学生态度】：女生赞成。

理由1：能让学生在进学校之前就和自己的future roommate联系，这样进学校就不会太生疏，能感觉舒服点儿；

理由2：能让学生提前和自己的future roommate商量带什么东西，因为学校的宿舍很小，如果带了很多行李stuff, 就放不下了。举例说自己和室友每人带了个小冰箱，宿舍里放不开，如果先联系，就可以避免类似情况出现。

Question: Explain the woman’s opinion and why she holds that opinion.

NO.16

是讲一个学校推出了一个新的announcement给freshman, Biology department. 说学生一起学习(group study）可以best know the equviment and improve academic study, and in addition, can meet and make new friends.

However, in the conversation, the girl said the study group sort of thing doesn’t help. Because people have their own way to study, expect those   who doesn’t know how to study. So she prefers to work alone.

the second point is that she thinks that if people in the same department, they will have class together, so they eventually will meet each other. So you don’t really need to go to the study group.

NO.17

学校规定大一新生first year students不能在校内用车keep their cars on campus。一个学生给校报信说学校应允许大一新生在校内用车。理由1、大一学生到校外find part-time jobs要用车，没车找工作不方便。理由2、大一学生想家get homesick的时候，周末要开车drive回很远的家探亲。没车回家不方便。

女生反对此提议。理由1、大一新生课业负担重have a lot of school work to do，没有额外时间do part-time jobs。如果开车就容易找到工作，if they do part-time jobs, they might not do well in school。理由2、如果大一新生一想家get homesick，they might go home every weekend，他们就没有足够时间与新同学相处，很难适应大学生活learn how to socialize with other people。

NO.18

是一个学生向学校写信说允许学生在学校停车，原因是不允许学生停车，学生会不方便;学校建设新的停车场解决停车难问题。女生反对，原因：第一，学校外有bus station和taxi station;第二，原有的空地准备建设新的实验室。

口语第四题：

NO.1

Reading part: Priority Effects

environment before the other species come and avoid them to utilize the habitat.

Listening part:

alter the

Priority effects occur when a species that arrives first at a site impacts a species that arrives

later by reducing the availability of space or resources. The species coming first may

There’s a kind of small ants(文中始终未给出该蚂蚁名称), when they first arrive a new habitat, say an “askentia(音) tree”, their unique habit is to eat part of the tree which produces nectar, because they don’t rely on it. They are altering the environment before any other species come.

There is a kind of bigger ants, they’re more aggressive and can easily occupy the trees as they want, and can force the smaller ants to leave. However, they rely on the nectar produced by “askentia” tree very much. So the smaller ants stop the tree producing nectar to avoid the bigger ants to take up the tree, so that they can stay living there.

How does the example in the listening part explain the concept of priority effects?

NO.2

阅读：

　　内在原因，当人们找事情原因时，找自己的原因叫内在原因。它可能会让人失去自信，也可以自我鼓励更加努力。

　　听力：

教授举例：自己在汽车公司管理销售，第一个星期很落后，跟不上进度，找自己的原因，觉得是自己的效率不高，不够有条理，所以改进的方法，最后提高了效率。

NO.3

阅读解释概念：internal attribute: 将事物发生的原因归结自己的内在问题，而不是外界因素。

听力教授举自己的例子解释这个概念。具体为：该教授青少年时期在一家公司工作，负责整理文件。他遇到困难总是不能及时完成工作。该教授没有抱怨老板也没有抱怨工作太多而是想办法提高自己的能力。最后教授提高自己的能力，能按时完成工作，变得非常擅长自己的工作。

NO.4

internal competition

reading passage:

companies have some successful products 占据市场；但它们会introduce new products, 于是consumers 不买旧的买这个公司新的了。所以internal competition 意味着同个公司内部new products 抢了established products的profits，简单来说就是公司内部自己的新旧产品之间竞争。但这是没办法的，必须引进新产品，因为新产品才能和别的公司竞争

lecture:

教授说自己当教授前是一个automobile公司的总监之类的，他们公司之前有个top sell的small cars, 长得不好看但实用安全。后来别的公司的车挺时尚的，于是他公司为了竞争也产了一款新的more stylish的车。于是他公司的拥趸不买旧款买新款了。但这是必须的，因为为了come up with 其他公司，与其他公司竞争

NO.5

Task4:

Reading:

一个关于经济学的定义: xxx externality 定义:可能人们并没有明确的requirement,不是但是却因为其它的事情产生的一种interaction.

Listening:

教授举例:一个公司要换掉他们的old buses. 但是他们不想单纯的换一批一模一样的new buses.因为fossil fuel相当的污染环境.问题是他们又没有足够的钱去弄一批用电发动的bus.于是他们写了信给政府,政府觉得这样可以帮助改善环境,于是答应了给钱给他们.所以这个城市的市民就受益了,因为他们所生活的地方环境被改善了.

Question: Explain the definition of xxx externality, how the example in the listening passage prove the definition given by the reading passage?

NO.6

Reading:

Task partitioning - insects use their own specialized methods to accomplish tasks by dividing the work into separate groups.

Listening:

The professor gives an example of leaf-cutting ants.

Group1: climbs trees and picks up leaves.

Group2: cuts the leaves into small pieces, making them easier for transport.

Group3: brings the leaves back to the nest.

In this example, the groups can finish each of their tasks independently.

NO.7

Reading partListening part【名词解释】：

emotion display（情绪表达规则）:

It means the expression of emotion depends on the society in which we are live in.【教授举例】：

The professor uses an example of his 4-year-old daughter. She had a birthday party. Prior to the party, parents told her that she should hide her negative emotion when she did not like the gift received. Her grandmother gave her cute clothes as a gift. But the girl did not like it and felt disappointed. Before her negative emotion became too obvious, her mother said the clothes were very cute. The girl suddenly realized that she should say thank you to grandmother and she did that.

Question：用听力的例子来解释对这个概念的理解。

NO.8

讲的有时候文化差异不能融合。例子North Russia和South Russia，南边用马拉扯产奶一堆活动，开始北边也学着用马但是失败了因为太冷了，后来就换了ring deer然后很好的工作。

NO.9

sociology，一个女教授说不同种群的人会用自己创造的语音来进行对话。

举了两个例子；一个是医生们用自己有的专业知识来进行交流，但对病人就要详细说明；一个是一群share experience的人，有过共同经历，只要mention 事情的keyword就能引起共鸣。 summarize一下就可以了。

版本2是developmental response就是植物可以调整自己适应环境的改变。教授举了pine trees作为例子。这种树可以长在阴凉地方或者sunny place。长在阴凉地方，SOIL湿，就不需要发达extended roots system去生存。长在阳光好的地方，土地干，需要发达的根系汲取充足的水分。

NO.10

讲priming，人的thoughts或behavior会受到之前的经历的影响。professor举例，一个女生坐在公车上正想着以前的大学生活，写作业什么的，看到一个陌生男生上车坐下来，在写东西，女生就认为他一定是个学生，正在写作业。而另一个女生刚刚读完一本诗集，所以她认为这个男生是个作家或者诗人。

NO.11

Reading: tragedy of commons. 给了定义和解释

Lecture:教授举了两个例子说明什么是tragedy of commons. 其一是fishing.说当然捕的鱼多，挣的钱多。能acceed to ocean的人自然愿意去多fishing。但是一旦overfishing，大家就都finished out with no fish. 其二是grazing. 说一个属于整个village的草坪，大家都喜欢把自己的动物带来grazing，草吃完了长起来，大家就带更多的动物来，当然草会被吃光了，然后就overgrazing了。

NO.12

【讲座主题】motivation research of consumer客户购买东西的动机：是公司为了调查消费者为什么不买他们产品的调查但是有的时候消费者自己也aware不到为什么。问卷调查不能有效反映顾客的motivation

【教授举例】教授说了一个例子。一个制衣cloth公司因为运动衣cloth不畅销，所以做了一个调查。他们没有直接问为什么，而是给people杂志和剪刀，让他们剪cut下来认为适合公司产品的图片。顾客剪下来的都是运动员图。所以就反映顾客认为他们的运动衣只适合运动衣，不适合大众。于是后来制衣公司就改进。

NO.13

Reading part Listening part

【课文要点】：

personality attribution error:

人们总会把错误归结为personality上面，而忽略了一些客观的外部条件。【教授举例】：

教授（男）用自己的例子做了解释。一次他参加一个会议，迟到了十分钟，他很安静的进入会场，没打扰到其他人。在会中教授向演讲者（女）问了一个问题，但是她并没有搭理教授，而且看着有些生气。教授后来了解了情况才意识到，女演讲者在会议开始就说了今天时间紧张，让大家不要提问，下次开会的时候再提问。而女演讲者以为教授故意忽略了她一开始做的说明，她并不知道教授迟到了，没听到她做那个说明。

Question: 用听力的例子来解释对这个概念的理解。

NO.14

READING说的是social responsibility。当公司考虑更多的责任的时候，就可能会有一些经济上的牺牲啦~可是呢，当顾客知道这些牺牲后，又会非常欢乐地来购物啦。

lecture里面举了个例子  coffee shop，开始是plastic CUP，不环保就换成了recycle PAPER 做的

后来又推出新措施让人们可以带自己的杯子啥的还有DISCOUNT

NO.15

trial offer。几个月前我看见电视上的一个广告（commercial）在推销stretching machine,在广告里都是一些很健美的男人，有很漂亮的肌肉，并且告诉你使用效果很棒，我看了很动心，但是那个广告只提供了一个购买电话在屏幕上，我对此犹豫不决，因为我不知道这个我没有听说过（unheard of），不熟悉(unfamiliar)的机器究竟是好是坏, 它是不是真的像广告中的那样起作用，因此我没有买。

几天后我在另外一个频道中看见了关于这个健身器材的同样的广告，这次不仅有购买电话号码，并且提供一个月的免费试用期，可以先使用后付款，于是我就订购了一台，试用期满后我付款买下了这台健身器。

NO.16

阅读：讲小孩遇到做事失败后经常frustrate，稍微大点的孩子就会知道如何克服这种不好的情绪，讲家长要怎么怎么帮助孩子去增强抗失落

听：举例说自己的孩子玩积木吧盖塔，经常倒。倒了就叫家长帮忙，他每次都去帮忙。但后来发现这样不好，所以他每次都故意晚去一会，几周之后孩子学会了独立完成。

NO.17

问题：男人说要写一个作业关于poem的，他发现一本好书在图书馆，但他出去玩疯了，忘了在Weds（大概是）借书了，而且他点背，那天图书馆关门早。

解决方案

1女的说可不可以用别的poem书呢，他就觉得这书好。

2另外一个就是，明天早晨早点儿去图书馆，然后快点儿看，因为没啥时间了，必须的他交作业了

NO.18

advanced crediting 这一概念：老师在学生没有完成某任务之前就鼓励学生们说他们会做这个可以帮助学生最后完成这个任务。

听力材料里professor讲述了advanced crediting的一个例子，总是鼓励一开始乱仍糖纸的小孩子是讲卫生，爱干净的孩子，他们到最后就会变得不乱丢糖纸了。

口语第五题：

NO.1

Man's Problem: He has a study group tomorrow with other students for a physics exam, but there is a presentation on writing novels held at the same time.

Possible Solutions:

1) Attend the study group:

- Can't change the time since other students aren't free at other times.

- It's better to study with them because they are better at physics than he is, and he has some materials that he doesn't fully understand. (Communicating by email isn't helpful)

- Can read the article and listen to the recording on the presentation afterwards.

2) Go to the Presentation:

- He is passionate about writing and really wants to go.

- The writer giving the presentation may not come to his university again。

- Reading the article on the event website is not the same as listening to the presentation in-person.

- The man can study on his own. The other members in the study group said he could email them if he had questions.

NO.2

Girl's problem:

She is planning to give a presentation on her study-abroad experience, but her laptop crashed and she was unable to show the audience her photos.

Possible solutions:

1) She has a photo album containing some of her pictures taken during her study abroad years, and she could pass the book among the audience members.

- This way the audience will be able to see her photos

- Not all of the photos she wants to show are included in the album

- There is a lot of people in the audience, and not everyone will be able to see the album

2) Her pictures are still in her camera. The camera is at her parents' house. She could go there to get the camera, and show her audience photos through the camera.

- She has the time to go to her parents' house to pick up the camera and return before the presentation

- But she initially planned to use the time to practice her presentation, and rushing to her parents' house will take up valuable time.

NO.3

Man’s problem:喜欢他的心理学课程,因为教授实在是讲得很好.把枯燥的定义生动的传授给大家了.但是,他最近总是不能按时上课.原因是:他有和well-paid的工作,要工作到很晚,而第二天的课程很早.也是由于他不能按时上课,所以grade就下降了.

Woman’s suggestion: quit the job.

Man:但是这个工作真的是很好的报酬,他的报酬足够涵盖我要花的所有钱了.或者,我可以把心理学的课程放到下午去,下去还有一个同样的课程,同样的进度,但是不是同一个教授教的!

Question: problem +solutions(这里那个woman只是提供了一个意见,另一个是man自己说的,考的时候我就听到有人说there are two suggestions given by his friend.)+ what do you the man should do?

NO.4

【学生困难】：男生把心理学书忘记在实验室，实验室关门了，但是明天有心理学考试。

【解决方案】：男生自己说了两个方案：

1. 晚上先看笔记复习，明早6点实验室开门去取，但是他得5点就起床；

2. 今晚和同学一起看书，但那个同学学习很差，一起复习可能大部分时间都在tutoring他。

【问题】：Briefly summarize the problem and two possible solutions. Then state which solution you recommend and explain why.

NO.5

学生困难：两个学生聊天，一个男生说倒霉，今早太匆忙，把资料给打印重叠了（反正出问题了）都不知道。

解决方案：男女各一条建议

1.女的说，不急，你再去打。男（jim）的说，我得换一台新电脑设施去打。但是马上要上课了。

2.我得和教授解释去。

NO.6

听力男学生遇到的问题是时间冲突。一方面他要去机场接朋友，另一方面他想去参加以为作者的演讲。

　　两个解决方案为：

1 告诉朋友自己会迟到(提到的好处有：老朋友可以理解他迟到，这个朋友还可以自己在机场逛逛，吃点东西读书。缺点是朋友大老远跑来看他，不好意思迟到。2 不去参加的演讲。(提到非常想去，如果错过不会有第二次机会)

NO.7

口语五：选课的问题。男生说他想选美国文学，但是太火爆，这里不确定，要么是选不上，要么是即使能选上，也挤不进讨论里面去(discussion)。两种办法，一种是干脆选个别的课，不选这玩意了。一种是现在不选了，下学期或者明年再选。

NO.8

The woman's problem is that she shared a room with others off-campus. Her roommate is too noisy and she cannot do her own things. She is considering moving to another apartment next year.

There are two solutions for her. First, she can move back to campus. The university dorm has a policy about keeping quiet during certain hours of the day and it isn't expensive. But there's no kitchen in the dorm and the woman is really into cooking. Second, she can find another apartment near campus. It will be convenient because she has a job in library for 24 hours at a time. But with an apartment, she has the added pressure of paying rent.

NO.9

Problem:professor要带M attend conference, department can not provide money on transportation only afford hotel fee.    

solution:

1) by air 自己拿钱 but expensive

2)take train but very far whole day moreover, miss a crucial class.

NO.10

【学生困难】：男生的朋友去他寝室玩把他室友的台灯弄坏了。

【解决方案】：

方案一：把家里一个差不多的拿来。好处：他室友也喜欢的。坏处：俩台灯不一样。

方案二：商店里去买个新的。坏处：没有一模一样的了。而且贵。

NO.11

【学生困难】：男生的朋友送了他一张今天晚上演唱会的门票，演唱会有他最喜欢的band的演出，但是男生有一个history paper明天要交，时间冲突了。

【解决方案】：

1. 去演唱会，回家再写paper, 但是要熬通宵；

2. 不去演唱会，把票给别人。但是这个演唱会N年一次，错过了可能很多年以后才能听到

NO.12

【1个问题】男生要给一叫Sam的哥们儿送一礼物，因为朋友乔迁之喜，打算在乔迁party上送挑了一个bookcase，因为这哥们儿家里太空了，然后这帮人回去之后发现安装了之后少零件parts missing，这不是坑人么所以就说找店家给我们换，但是店家说要过一段时间才replace 。

【解决方案】男生自己给自己两个方案：方案1、换一个，商店暂时没货，要等2weeks才来新货，赶不上house warming。下周六直接送Sam家，再跟说我们送你个礼物不过太扯了，那还送什么啊方案2、买另外一个新的，但是更贵，超出他们预算了。

NO.13

男生本来约好一个group discussing，是关于一个due on Monday的paper。但是男的父亲周末五十大寿，他想回去celebrate。另一个人就给了个suggestion: 说向group member解释一下，让他们帮着help out。难得觉得说不好吧。男的自己有说要么就Sunday早点回来，然后还能赶上回来discuss。但是又不知道会不会让他家里人disappointment。

NO.14

男生本来约好一个group discussing，是关于一个due on Monday的paper。但是男的父亲周末五十大寿，他想回去celebrate。另一个人就给了个suggestion: 说向group member解释一下，让他们帮着help out。难得觉得说不好吧。男的自己有说要么就Sunday早点回来，然后还能赶上回来discuss。但是又不知道会不会让他家里人disappointment。

NO.15

问题：推销服务质量，还有一个叫TESTMONIA(音）professor的朋友想做paint work，但是没有生意，

解决方案

1.采用了推销服务质量之后，有人说这个人涂东西极好又耐久，后来很多人都来找他。

2.另外，他还发了图片对比涂了的和没涂的效果，人们看到了，吸引了广大的潜在客户。

NO.16

　　Problem: the man is invited to go to a conference in NYC with the professor he’s been working with, but only hotel will be covered, he will have to pay for transportation himself.

　　Solution 1: he can buy a flight ticket and fly to NYC

　　Pro: meet people, opportunity to learn, more time to be prepared for presentation

　　Con: expensive

　　Solution 2: take the train to NYC

　　Pro: save some money

Con: train ride takes one day, he will miss an important class

NO.17

女生要展出的画忘在家里了，但今天晚上就要展出，且她的朋友要来看，所以想今晚取来，但是今晚她又要review physical test, 没时间。第二个解决方案是可以让她妈妈送来，但是妈妈明天才有空送来，今晚她的朋友就要来看。

NO.18

The woman plans to go home during the winterbreak, however the ticket is so expensive and she hasn't boughtone.

　　two solutions: 1. take bus. cheap but 8-hour trip very painful. 2. take 3 am flight. but may interrupt their parents'sleep and inconvenient for them to pick up her.

口语第六题：

NO.1

讲课要点】：Two Economic Changes in Ancient Civilization

1. Currency: this monetary form made life easier. For example, a man who bakes bread can now use money in exchange for a coat. Using money to trade can avoid the possible issue that the person who sells coats does not like bread.

2. Trade new things over a greater distance. For example, Romans can import silk fabric from China.

NO.2

Lecture: Two Advantages of the Beta Testing Method in Business

A beta test is an opportunity that gives the intended audience some samples to try the product out first.

1) Get feedback from the customers

The producer can get feedback from the customers who try the product. They will know which aspects of the product the customers like and don't like. A camera company, for example, may give some professional photographers new sample cameras to test out. After testing, the photographers may report, for example, that the flash doesn't work well because it produces too much light. The company will then know they need to work on the flash to make the overall product more desirable.

2) Providing Free Advertising

If the tested audience thinks the new product is satisfactory, it will leave a positive impression in their minds and they may tell others about the product. Even if it't not a perfect product at first, the efforts taken by the company to improve it will convince the photographer customers that the new camera will be very good. They, in turn, will tell other photographer friends about the new product and encourage greater sales.

NO.3

Lecture: Small Business: drawbacks on home-based business

For many small businesses, instead of renting, they prefer to work from home. Though working from home has its merits, a home-based business has some drawbacks.

1) Can't Maintain a Professional Image

People working in home-based businesses don't set a clear boundary between business and personal life. The customers may think they are not professional and serious about the business. For example, if a home-based business is a catering service that provides food for some major event, a customer would call and not expect a baby crying in the background. However, if it happened, the customer will for sure think that the business is not professional enough for their event and not trust the ability of the caterer to provide good-quality food.

2) Will Affect the Lives of the Neighbors

Use the catering example again, the business may hire two or more workers to help with the preparation of food. These workers may need to park their cars on the street, which would take up the neighbors' parking spots. Having their spots taken, the neighbors would definitely complain.

Question： Describe the two drawbacks of home-based businesses.

NO.4

鸟窝的两种搭建方式，

1.一个把巢建的高高的，藏起来。

2.另一种让母的在家看小鸟，公的去找食物什么没太清楚。

NO.5

生物课堂上老师讲解了有些树能够活很长时间的原因—树的适应性。主要有两个方面。

　　1 通过释放化学物质避免虫害。举例为red wood，树叶和树干中含有天宁酸，所以虫子不能忍受这种物质，所以不会去吃red wood.

2 发达的根系可以帮助在风暴中幸存下来。举例仍为red wood. 说首先有发达的根系stretch every direction, 以及还可以与周围的树木的根系相组合。互相缠绕在暴风中就不会有问题。

NO.6

口语六：说海里一种鱼为了适应环境发展出了一种结构可以感觉到predator来了而且可以保持不动吧。第一种是他们感觉很灵敏，举例子是dony fish头上长了hair之类的可以感知predator。 第二种是有一种能力可以在在水里静止然后躲起来，不让predator察觉到，举例是另一种鱼可以在水里keep still时还让水move，所以就能keep still然后等 predator走了。

NO.7

Two ways of keeping eggs moist:

1）lay the eggs below water. e.g. frogs lay their eggs underwater and let the liquid permeate the eggs to keep them moist

2）lay eggs with special protecting structures. eg: snakes eggs have a tough shell structure that helps maintain the moisture

NO.8

Ecosystem engineering: 动物住在一个地方，这个地方会变得适合其他动物生存。两种方式

1、在日常生活中慢慢去做。比如某个海鲜：mussels，在吃水里东西的时候把水过滤干净了。

2、在一个群中间位置的时候，形成一个对其他动物有保护的地方。再比如刚才那个海鲜：mussels。他们成群住在海洋地表，他们之间的空隙形成其他动物能够生存的空间。

NO.9

【讲课要点】：尽管wildfire会给动物造成damage, 但是也可以带来好处。

1. 能给动物提供栖息地，比如woodpecker在烧过的树洞里筑巢；

2. renew vegetation, 把旧的植物wipe out, 给新的植物生长带来条件，新的植物更nutritious, which are more attractive to deer.

NO.10

【讲座主题】生物学的。说在一个tropical rainforest里面生活animal都在canopy上飞 tree to tree 动物们为了survive独居，领地侵犯等，进化出两种behavior。

　　【相关例子】第一种是searching food alone, individually因为这个地方的食物很分散，group一起找食物，就会不够吃。各自找会有better chance 找到更多吃的。给了一例子：猩猩ape 都自己找食物。

　　第二种是make sounds保护自己的领地。穿过厚厚的叶子树来让别的兄弟知道要不然在树上飞啊飞的就会撞一起然后受伤，给了一个例子：说一种猴子 monkey 他们就大叫，来让不小心进入其领地的动物知道这是他的地盘

NO.11

说有时候动物吃的东西不是我们想象中的东西，有时候会吃点乱七八糟的东西，比如说earth or soil.他们吃这些东西是有作用的。然后举两个鸟的例子。一个是R鸟，吃soil是为了磨碎食物，这样help digestion, 说因为鸟没有牙吖，所以吃soil可以帮助把大的食物，esp large seeds, 磨成small pieces.另一个是鹦鹉Parrot，吃soil可以neutralize失误中的poison，这样就不会get sick

NO.12

讲unhatched eggs communication 对他们survival的重要性，一是保证它们同时破壳，不被left behind，二是让他们的妈妈能够发现他们，举了鳄鱼的例子，鳄鱼的卵被heavy mugs cover着，要被他们的妈妈发现才能存活下去。

NO.13

反正说的是FARMER 怎么给CROPS从土里提供氮养啥的。有俩方法，我只听到一个 - = 具体说那一个我都没听全啊…

NO.14

是restricted codes,就是same group的人可以用很少的话语就可以让彼此意会。第一方面是SHARE same pro knowledge的人用这个。举了医生例子，医生间用很少的的话就可以解释，但是医生和病人间需要更多细节才能明白。第二个没听见走神了。例子是出去picnic食物被goat吃了，以后大家提起简单地提起goat, picnic就笑，很快就明白意思。

NO.15

版本1 这个lecture讲了动物储存食物（hoarding）的两种不同方式

1）all food in one location,但是这就要求动物必须能够守住这些食物，用physical prevention 来 defense. 比如Squirrel, 他们会把所有食物都藏带一个地方，但是如果有 birds或者其他都无来抢的时候他们就会把这些掠食者赶走, drive them away

2）disperse, divide up food and save in different locations, 但是这要求动物必须记性特别好（good memory）记的食物都放在那些地方了.比如 Rat in desert, 它们把食物藏在hundreds of locations，但是他们记性好，都记得这些locations在哪里

版本2 ：心理学——generalizing

阅读部分: 在学习语言的过程中，儿童很容易把一个词的意思理解为仅仅是用来表示一个特定的物体（one specific object），随着年龄的增长，儿童能逐渐理解一个单词不仅能用来描述一件物品，而是可以用来表示某一类物品。这种现象叫做归纳（generalizing）。

听力部分：教授的儿子三岁时，他有一个玩具火车，爸爸妈妈就教给儿子这个东西叫做“train”。有一天爸妈带着儿子出去玩，途径火车站，爸爸就指着火车说这是“train”，当时儿子就显得非常不理解（upset and confused）。而到儿子四岁时，他就能够正确使用“train”这个词了，并且能明白这个词不仅仅能够表示他的玩具火车，还能用来表示火车站里真正的火车。

问：用教授给出的例子解释什么是generalizing。

NO.16

　　The professor talks about how animals that doesn’t live underwater do to stay under the water. The first way is to reduce movement in order to save oxygen. For example, alligators hunt under water by staying very still, basically no movement. In doing so, it can cut down heart rate, therefore cut down the need for more oxygen. The second way is to minimize the time spent under water. For example, brown pelican dives down to catch fish in the water. It doesn’t go to deep, and it has air sacks that open when in the water. That will help the pelican to get back to the surface as fast as possible for oxygen.

NO.17

The professor talks about two types of suspense in a movie.

The first type is that the audience feels interesting to guess the end. For example, two heroes set the same goal, but the audiences have no idea who comes first.

The second type is that the audiences know the end but they have no clue how to get to the end. For example, in a love story, the hero and heroine doom to meet in the end, but how they meet each other becomes intriguing.

NO.18

顾客买东西一般看产品的两种cues，一种是内在的，由产品自身的质量决定，比如果汁好喝所以买，一种是外在的，由产品的外在包装决定，比如果汁的瓶子漂亮，并且商标fancy，所以买。

In the lecture the professor talks about two cues to judge the qualities of products by consumer. The first clue is the intrinsic cue which means the customers judge the products qualities by their physical characteristic, such as color, texture, sizes. For example, food, customers will think it has good qualities if it has good taste. The opposite cue is the extrinsic cue; the customers don’t judge the product quality by physical characteristics. For example, juice, if the bottle of juice is a good looking glass bottle and has good label, consumers think it has good quality. So products are evaluated by external packs but not the taste of the juice itself.