独立写作：（共18题）

NO.1

提高职工的工作能力是否对于一个公司来说是最重要的投资。

NO.2

Agree or disagree: people living in small villages are more satisfied with their lives than those who live in cities

NO.3

你推荐高中要求学生必须上关于以下哪种课程：做菜，个人理财（感谢三楼提醒），修车

NO.4

People should be open to new ideas and change his or her mind to be successful

NO.5

有些人觉得他们可以靠自己或者家人的帮助，解决important problems.因此，人们不需要政府的帮助。

NO.6

Should children spend most time playing and studying, or they should be required to help the family with household chores, like cooking and cleaning?

NO.7

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement
One quality that a successful leader must have is to make decision quickly; when a leader takes too much time to make decisions, he will be seen as ineffective to the people he lead.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

NO.8

 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement.

 It’s more important to maintain a small group number of people over a long period of time for happiness than the ability to make new friends easily.

NO.9

For any business to be successful, it must spend a lot of money on advertising.

NO.10

假设你所在的社区有一大块地要卖。有三个开发商提出以下三个建造方案，你选哪一个？为什么？

PERFORMANCE ARTS CENTER

HOTEL

SHOPPING MALL

NO.11

爷爷辈对孙子辈的教育有没有用了。

NO.12

Agree or disagree:  Parents have spent too much time helping to determine the future of their children. Children should make their own decisions.

NO.13

Agree or disagree ：It is impossible to be completely honest with your friend.

是不是应该任何时候对朋友都honest?

NO.14

Disagree or agree：Some people think that the most important quality in choosing the leader of a school organization or club is honesty.

NO.15

Some jobs pay high salaries to employees, but require them live far away from their family and friends．Some jobs pay low salaries, but allow employees to live closer with their family and friends．Which job would you prefer and why?

NO.16

During an economic crisis, governments usually reduce spending on certain public services. Which area do you think the governments should reduce spending on: 1）Education 2) Health Care 3) Support for the unemployed?

NO.17

In order to attract good students，many universities spend a lot of money on society activities. Do you agree or disagree?

NO.18

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? If people are on vocation (holiday), they should leave their mobile phones at home.

综合写作（共18题）

NO.1

第一个就是写奥陶纪古生物大灭绝，科学家有三种假设，分别是，海平面说，陨石撞击说，超强紫外线说

然后听力纷纷驳斥：冰川期海平面降低是缓慢的过程，而生物灭绝是在冰川初期瞬间开始的，那个时候海平面还没那么低，所以有问题，陨石撞击没留下坑和残留，所以有问题，紫外线应该只能杀死地球表面的神物，没有证据说明海洋深处的生物在那以后仍然存活，所以三个都有问题。

NO.2

Integrated writing task

Reading

Heinrich Schliemann discovered a golden mask of warrior king. He claimed that the golden mask is the Mask of Agamemnon. However, the archaeology industry suspects that the golden mask is a fake. There are three reasons for that.

Firstly, Schliemann has a reputation of faking his discovery and excavation. He used to buy an antique from a craftsman and claim that the item is from ancient Greek until it was identified a fake. Therefore, the golden mask is very suspicious and Schliemann is incredible.

Secondly, some features of the golden mask are different from the authentic golden masks from Ancient Greek. Ancient Greek golden masks have very flat appearance and no pointed hairs. The golden mask of warrior king discovered by Schliemann has very well-defined lips and pointed beard. Therefore, the golden mask is a fake.

Thirdly, Schliemann immediately shut down the site where the golden mask is discovered after he found the golden mask. This is a very suspicious behavior. Usually archeologist will continue to excavate the site in the hope of finding more cultural information about the discovery, such as the historical context and identify whose mask it is. More information about the mask could have been discovered to identify the mask, however, Schliemann close the site in a rush, revealing his afraid of being found that the mask is a fake.

Lecture

Though many archeologists think the golden mask of warrior king is a fake, but I think that is an authentic item from Ancient Greek. There are three reasons to refute the points in the passage.

Firstly, Schliemann did have a reputation of faking discovery and excavation. However, for this mask, it’s not easy to fake. The Greek government is familiar with Schliemann’s reputation of dishonesty and specifically assigned a supervisor to closely supervise and monitor Schliemann’s work of excavation. If Schliemann really cheated on this discovery, it’s hard to do so without being caught by the supervisor.

Secondly, a golden mask of lion from Ancient Greek, which was proved an authentic antique, was compared with the golden mask of warrior king. The golden lion mask also has three-dimensioned lips and nose, and all pointed hair. All the features are comparable to the golden mask of warrior king.

Thirdly, the timing of the site being shut down immediately after the golden mask was discovered can be explained. Schliemann was not a real archeologist but a treasure hunter. It fitted a treasure hunter’s habit to close the site immediately after he depleted all the valuable things in the site. Therefore, Schliemann’s behavior of shutting down the site is not suspicious.

Question: summarize the points in the lecture, make sure how they oppose the specific points in the reading message.

NO.3

说古代的一种恐龙时不时skim feeder
跟black skimmer（一种鸟）比较
1他们都用strong beak. 但因为经常插水  beak容易坏但那鸟能regrow it's beak 但那恐龙不行
2那恐龙的肌肉不能让他保持straight when toward to water 非常危险
3这个过程很耗energy 恐龙太大只不划算他可以同吃尸体来避开predator 而且耗能少

NO.4

综合写作

：斯巴达克斯

阅读材料：斯巴达克斯的英雄事迹一般是由以下三部分构成的：

1.斯巴达克斯和他的部队原本的目标是会到故乡

2.斯巴达克斯有卓越军事才能，以少敌多。

3.斯巴达克斯和他的部队是为了解放罗马所有奴隶。

讲座反驳了以上论点

1.在起义早起，斯巴达克斯和他的军队就已经开辟出一条通往故乡的通道，但他们非但没走，反而朝着罗马城的方向进攻。目的可能是为了掠夺罗马城的财富。

2.斯巴达克斯可能没啥军事才能。一开始的胜利可能因为罗马根本没把他们放在眼里，大意了。一旦他们派正规军，斯巴达克斯一下子兵败如山倒。

3.这个有充分历史证据标明是17、18世纪的剧作家为了反对当是欧洲还存在的奴隶制度而借斯巴达克斯之口来旁敲侧击，针贬时弊。实际上斯巴达克斯并没有提出这一口号。

NO.5

Reading:为了解决美国large cities有困难hire teachers的问题，开始推行signing bonuses: 给cash payments和financial incentives

1.Attract teachers outside the urban areas, 因为对他们来说意味着income increase

2.Hire more people with non-teaching experience, 因为这样以来，salary is compatible with their own industries and businesses.

3.Prevent teachers from quitting their jobs right before semesters begin, since they are legally obligated to teach as they accept the bonuses

Listening: signing bonuses cannot solve the problem

1.Money was not the primary concern for teachers to stay in their jobs. According to a teacher satisfaction survey, how well the administration is run, how good are the libraries and laboratories and how long the teachers commute to schools, are other factors

2.The main obstacle for people from other professionals to teach is the teacher certification process. They have to take a lot of courses, and quit their old jobs, which means a loss in their income.

3.Some teacher quit their jobs right before the school year begin becuz they are unhappy with what they are doing. So it’s not necessary to keep on unhappy teachers and those who are unlikely to do good to students in school.

NO.6

综合写作

文章：讲到bumpback whale 能够用star来direct/navigate

1.他们有高智力，非常强的认知能力（cognitive ability）所以能认星星导航

2.他们利用外界目标物导航，能够直线行进

3.Spy-hopping，他们把头抬到水面上，向上看，看星星

Lecture：觉得这些证明都非常不合理

1.认知能力强，智力高和用星星来导航没有直接的联系。举例，鸟类比如鸭，他们只有平均的认知能力，但是却能够用星星导航，说明无直接关系

2.他们是用外界导航没错，但是他们用到的是地球的磁场（magnetic field）导航。他们有biomagnitite在他们的脑子里，用地磁场导航，不是星星。

3.Spy-hopping对whale来说是很少见的。但是其他的例如鲨鱼就有spyhopping，但是他们不是向上望星星，而是看animals, 并且他们也不会migrate。再就是，whale八天也会spyhopping，但是白天根本没有星星。

NO.7

综合写作

阅读:要减少草原里的野马

听力反驳：

1.阅读：野马吃太多，草没了，导致水土流失。听力：马只是吃了top of the glass，这些草会很快重新长出来，反而有利于草的生长。而且马的粪便给草提供了养料

2.阅读：野马和牧民们养的cattle和sheep争食物，对牧民不利。听力：如果马少了，牛羊就会被hunt，反而也会减少

3.阅读：野马的大蹄子踩坏了草地，导致小溪流受损，里面的鱼变少了。听力：小溪流是beavers建造的，人们捕杀了beaver导致溪流受损，和野马无关。

NO.8

综合写作：
版本11.Periodical cicadas
这一种蝉是13-year and 17-year在地下成长的 periodical cicadas，他们没有什么防御能力。
1）为什么他们没有进化出防御能力（defense），他们该如何抵御天敌？因为他们不需要。他们一次emerge from the ground的量很大，300只每平方米, 就算有predator的话也不能把他们全部吃掉，所以他们作为一个种群可以存活（They can survive as a whole）。
2）他们在地下怎么知道过了多少年（13年还是17年）？因为他们的食物有变化（ keep tracking by changes of food）. 他们吃的树液(tree sap) 一年变一次，每次tree sap变了他们就知道是another year.
3）为什么是exactly的13年或者17年呢？因为这个年数有利于减少两种蝉（13年和17年）同时出土从而杂交的可能性（Lower chance of hybridization ）. Exact 13年和17年把这个几率减小到221年一次。


版本2周期蝉（periodical cicada）
阅读部分：
周期蝉是北美一类蝉的属名，幼虫孵化后便生活在地下，到了第十三年或十七年，周期蝉就会破土而出回到地面。周期蝉有很多特殊的习性值得讨论，以下三点是存在疑问的地方。
第一，周期蝉自身极为缺乏防御性，它既没有毒液（venom）来对付敌人，又不具备良好的飞行能力（not a good flier），因此很容易被捕食者抓到。
第二，周期蝉每隔13或17年就会从地下出现到地上。然而在地下没有阳光，很难判断年月的变迁。周期蝉是怎样做到在地下还能精确的计算时间，并且每隔13或17年就会破土而出，从不出错呢？
第三，周期蝉生命循环的周期为什么是13或17年，而不是其他的年份呢，这其中有什么奥秘？

听力部分：
教授对以上三个疑问一一做出了解释。
第一，周期蝉并不需要具备什么防御系统，因为它们每次都是大批量出现，通常能达到300只／平方米，或者300万只／公顷。即使捕食者吃掉了尽量多的周期蝉，从整体数量上看，还是会有大量的蝉存活下来。
第二，周期蝉靠吸食树根的汁液生存（tree sap），每年树上开花的时候，树汁的味道就会发生变化。地下的蝉只要数13或17次这样的变化再出现到地面上就可以。
第三，当两种不同品种的周期蝉同时出现时，就会发生杂交（hybrid）。然而异种交配（interbreed）会导致新生周期蝉出现基因缺陷，从而降低其生存能力。为了避免杂交现象的发生，必须最小化（minimize）两种不同种类的周期蝉同时出现，13或17次这两个数字正好可以把同时出现的概率拉低到每221年一次。

NO.9

integrated task:文章给出了一种鱼跳出水面的原因：1捕食空中的昆虫2去除身上的寄生虫3对人类侵犯领地感到愤怒并产生攻击性行为。 

lecture反驳了这些理由1夏天这种鱼不吃东西，即使冬天它们吃东西也是吃河床附近的东西，不会因此跃出水面2野生的鱼体表没有寄生虫，危 险的体内的寄生虫，这些不能靠物理方法去除，鱼塘里养的鱼体表有寄生虫，但是它们却不会跃出水面3游船受到冲撞只是偶然现象，没有船鱼 也会跳出来 

NO.10

文章说中国人比哥伦布更早登入美洲大陆，听力反对

阅读是说有个作家xx说中国人在 between1421年 and 1423年去过America。

第一段大概是说Bimix上面有markings, 是Chinese 弄的。

第二段大概是说在coast land还是哪里发现了石头的anchors，说是中国人在哪里弄的。

第三段是说在某个岛上面有个stone tower，有点像lighthouse，说是中国人搞的，然后Chinese sailor could raise and xx platform for repair damaged boats.

听力：教授说怀疑中国人没到过America，no evidence to show Chinese came to America 在1421-1423年。

第一说那些marking是natural formation，不是人为的marking，只是像人为的。说geologist看的话一眼就可以看出是天然行程的。

第二说那些anchor也不一定是中国人，因为在那个时候，anchor已经用了好久在航海了，不只一个国家用锚.

第三是说那个岛上的tower不是中式建筑，看起来是England 建筑，说那个岛原来是一个England 的owner的，这个lighthouse更像是England建筑。

NO.11

为什么Hohokam people会disappear suddenly

reading：

由于H的irrigation方式，导致土地贫瘠

树是小动物的窝，H人都砍光了，失去了一种food resource

因为armed conflict而collapse.原因是两个group的人进入沙漠的时间和H人消失的时间差不多

听力部分：

H人会rest field,不会每年都这样灌溉

H人不会砍光树，reproduce的速度比砍的快

没有其他的traces可以证明是由于invasion而collapse

NO.12

阅读：mercury牙医用来repair牙齿的一种物质。阅读说应该被禁止。第一影响健康。里面有种物质吸收后会影响central nerve system带来一系列病。第二环境问题。诊所里用完后冲走进入江河湖海，会造成环境污染威胁wildlife。第三可以代替的材料。有很多材料可以代替她，像陶瓷，金什么的。

听力：第一它只有很少的量被人体吸收。不会带来什么大问题。有些人有问题是他们过敏，然后这种过敏的比例很小。

第二有一种device, S开头的，）（屏幕会显示。）可以COLLECT这些solids所以不会带来这些问题。

第三这种材料持续时间长效果好，其他材料不能代替。像金。太贵了。

NO.13

Reading:

birdfeeder’s negative impact

1. It encourage birds to stay together and transmit diseases. For example, the red eye disease among flinch.

2. Birds are easily be harmed by predators like cats, and they may bump on the windows.

3.  It affects their migrating behaviors as they will not move to the warm places if there are enough food, and thus influence their mating productivity.

Listening:

1. The natural characteristics of bird make the staying together happen, instead of human’s effort.

2. Yes, it is true, but birdfeeder provide nutrients to the birds and they are more healthy and strong, the population is increasing comparing to the little decrease.

3. The signal for their migration is the shorten of sunlight instead of food. They will not stay because of food.

NO.14

问题是说coal ash的污染很严重，需不需要new，much stricter regulations on handling and storing coal ash.

reading是说不需要：1，相关的regulation已经存在，要求company to ues LINER on the ponds啊什么的。

2，他怕新的严格的规定，会让人们不敢再买recycled coal ash。

3，increasing cost。电费会涨十倍，大众会不接受。

listening是说需要：1，原本的规定只要求company在新的ponds上用liner，old ones are not required.所以现在old ponds 还是会产生许多coal ash，会进入地下水，最后污染饮用水。

2，professor举了mercury的例子：在mercury 的问题上也有很严格的regulation, 但是人们依然在买recycled mercury for over 50 years.

3，电费确实会涨到多少多少billion，但是平均到人头上，每个人的电费就只涨了1%而已。It is not a big price to pay to have a cleaner environment.

NO.15

阅读：如何防止鸟不撞上建筑物   1:单一光线玻璃。2.彩色的玻璃。3.导航指引方向听力：反对：1，鸟以为师镜子，同样会撞上2:找缝隙撞到没有颜色的玻璃上2:导航在短距离没有效果     

NO.16

moth飞蛾，总是围绕人造（human made lights）灯光的地方甚至crush into lights。阅读文章给出三个possible explanations；

1：飞蛾有飞向moon的本领。为了躲避青蛙等predator，它总是往上飞也就是moon的所在方向，所以飞蛾可能误认为human made lights为moon。

2：飞蛾飞向人造灯或许因为有heat。

3：飞蛾也许误认为人造灯光是食物源food resource。

听力lecture 认为阅读文章不准确，不能成立。

理由1：如果飞向人造灯是为了躲避predator，那么飞一会儿就得了，干嘛还要围绕几个小时甚至更长。当危险褪去本就可以飞走了。

理由2：飞蛾有辨别食物散发出来的carbon dioxide的本领。人造灯没有释放二氧化碳

理由3：有些人造灯，例如fluorescent lights散发出来的heat少之又少，甚至少于natural。

NO.17

写作一：

综合：cheat grass是起源于亚洲和欧洲的一种植物，破坏力强大，现在北美（NA）地区出现了，数量剧增，科学家们想出集中方法来减少其数量。

第一，养一些cattle然后放他们去吃这种草，他们是grazer，每天无时无刻不在吃草，所以很好

第二， burn the grass with controlled fire，一把火烧掉，因为这种草很易燃

第三，引入一种parasite（寄生虫），用这种微生物的方式减少其数量

listening的反驳：

第一， cattle们不喜欢吃chea tgrass！如果有别的草，他们肯定先吃别的，最后才吃c草，这样下去会导致一个相反的结果，即想清理掉的草都留下了，想保护的那些好草都被吃了。

第二，放火确实会把地面上的草烧没，但是不会伤及它的种子，所以在一场大火后虽然表面上没这种植被了，等几年后还会再疯狂的冒出来

第三， parasite和cheat grass在它们的原始栖息地已经共生了1000年了，所以这种草内部必定有一种对parasite的resistance；parasite确实有能力减少c草数量，但减少的大多都是已经sick或者weak的c草，真正生命力旺盛的不会被伤害到。

NO.18

作文一：使用分散剂（dispersant）对消除Oil spill对海洋造成的破坏作用到底有没有效果

阅读：不能

听力：可以

1. 不能彻底解决问题，因为只是使石油颗粒变小，burning才能彻底消除

1. 焚烧只在特定环境下才有效，当海洋风浪较大或流速过快时不能解决问题。分散剂把石油颗粒变小已经很不错了，因为这样就可以进一步借助海洋里的细菌分解作用消除石油颗粒