口语第一题：

NO.1

Which technology has made the greatest impact on people's lives in your country: airplane，computer or television? Use specific reasons and examples to support your response.  

NO.2

Describe the greatest period of your life and explain why.

NO.3

Choose a job lawyer, animal doctor, restaurant owner, which on you prefer

NO.4

朋友搬家了，让你give advice about how to make friends in a new city

NO.5

口语一：描述一个你狠崇拜但你不会选择作为自己职业的工作。describe a job you admired but you will NOT choose it yourself

NO.6

Describe why organizing time is challenging for university students and why it is important?

NO.7

从三个职员制工作volunteer work选一个。工作一能够帮助图书馆中人用电脑查书籍，工作二把书读给小孩听，工作三把书和杂志整理到书架上

NO.8

大学收到一大笔钱，问你认为应该花在哪里来改善学生的生活：技术运动设施，研究

NO.8

Talk about your favorite book when you were a child. Explain in details why you liked to read it.

NO.9

If you had a chance to learn new things, which one would you choose to learn? Select one of the following and explain your reasons: 1. Play a new sport, 2. fly a plane, or 3. play a new instrument.

NO.10

学校组织学生去社区做公益活动，其中有三项任务可选，1）清洁那些litter和trash， 2）在公园种树和花， 3）给小朋友们讲环保知识什么的。

NO.11

Talk about an important decision that you have made. Explain why this decision was important for you in details.

NO.12

If you can have a part-time job at the university, what position would you choose; a lab assistant, a campus tour guide, or a library assistant? Why?

NO.13

Talk about your favorite book when you were a child. Explain in details why you liked to read it.

NO.14

Describe a memorable experience in a restaurant or cafe.

NO.15

描述一个参加过的活动，你是否认为每个人都have a good time？

NO.16

Imagine that you have to stop using cell phone for a month. Would that be difficult for you?

NO.17

Your friend has been offered a job that's far away from his hometown. Do you think he should take it or not? Give specific reasons and details to support your response.

NO.18

Describe a news article or a story that you are interested in recently. Explain why you think it was interesting. (Include reasons and details in your response.)

口语第二题：

NO.1

Some universities expect students to choose their major when they enter university. Others let students wait until the second or third year. Which do you think is better and why?

NO.2

Some people believe that it is better for children to grow up in big cities. Others believe that it is better for children to grow up in small towns or rural areas. What is your opinion and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your response.

NO.3

Some think robots are useful in the future. Some think robots will never be more useful and smarter than human.   Which do you agree？

NO.4

some answer the phone and text a message in the middle of the conversation, what do thing this behavior, good or not

NO.5

周末是喜欢呆在家里看书搞学习还是喜欢social vs friends relax.

NO.6

选一个，帮助教授完成重要科研任务还是参加你姐姐的生日派对

NO.7

有的大学强制上外语课，有的强制上计算机课。你认为哪个更重要？

NO.8

Some students prefer to study in the library. Others prefer to study at home or in the dormitory. Which way would you prefer and why? Include reasons and details in your response.

NO.9

Do you agree that parents put more pressure on students in school than ever before?

NO.10

大城市是否禁止私家车？

NO.11

Do you agree or disagree with the statement that it’s important for students to study Art and Music in school. Explain your answer in details.

NO.12

Do you agree or disagree with the statement that the most important class can't be taught in the classroom?

NO.13

你是否会一直表达你的真实意见，即便你知道这个意见可能不被认同。key words: honest opinion.

　　 it is always good to maintain honesty?

　别人不同意你还坚持说实话吗

NO.14

Some people think that businesses and industries need to be developed, even if the development of them affects the environment. Other people think that environment needs to be protected from the development of businesses and industries. What do you think?

NO.15

Some people speak out in class. Others prefer to listen and quietly observe. Which do you think leads to greater success in school? Why?

NO.16

Some students prefer to take a test where they must write an essay to a question. Other students prefer to take a test with objective questions. Which type of exam question do you prefer? Give reasons and examples in your explanation.

NO.17

Do you agree or disagree that teachers should encourage students to have discussions during class? Give specific reasons and details in your response.

NO.18

Technology devices distance people far more now than before.本来准备的是shorten，原以为题目也是shorten，最后发现是想法的，但是都已经表达了观点。所以就即兴发挥了。希望不要太差。

口语第三题：

NO.1

阅读里面说学生建议取消读诗会，因为很少有人参加，而且可以从图书馆借CD来听。听力里女生不同意，因为现在读诗会只会在网站上发通知，如果他们能在教室、图书馆和学生中心还有报纸这些其他形式上也加以通知，肯定会有更多人来。而且参加读诗会和听CD感觉不同，可以make eye contact, use body language,和其他人分享这种经历。

NO.2

school need the students who study politician science to read the newspaper and new newspaper room will set in the library.

　　the man like the idea, he think read the newspaper can give him a chance to know a lot of thing about the topic of research paper, 可以有效的帮助学生去理解一些大事情，

还有，news room good 因为同学能更好的学习，多门天真的孩子啊

NO.3

学校报纸出来一则新的policy ,要求学生把belongings搬到一个什么store space的地方.每个人分3个箱子.然后是男女生见面讨论.

那个女生说1)她这不公平,可以开车把东西弄回家去,但是她的roommate就难办了. 2)没有必要worry地盘不够用,好象是说的dorm可以放吧

NO.4

proposal of adding seats in the Andreson Theater

要求概括这个proposal以及一个女生的反对。

A.seats不够，很多show是学生们想去但买不了票的-反对：只有少数是这样，大部分show都有位子，所以没需要加seats

B.学校能通过更多位子卖更多票增加收入-反对：收入个毛，这是big investment, construction cost a lot, 而且take years去收回老本。

NO.5

阅读：停止爵士合唱团，因为感兴趣的人少，没有必要继续了

听力：女人觉得真不好。

理由一：主要是因为平时训得太勤了，导致很多学生不来了

理由二：没有其他选择了，很多是经典，但不是爵士，女人不喜欢，其他学生也不喜欢。

NO.6

给大学新生建议周末去野营，并且学校提供道具和方案，女的不同意，理由1第一年应该在学校校园环境理由2装备很贵，一年只用一次，性价比不高。

NO.7

【学校通知】：announcement学校计划要搞library expansion：把图书馆旁边的student center改造成new library，从而increase library space。好处1、有更多的空间摆放更多书shelves、存放更多媒体materials。好处2、摆放更多桌椅，让学生有更多地方自习。

【学生态度】：男生反对。理由1、学校应该用technology手段而非扩建图书馆以节省space，比如将资料扫描成electronic copy储存到电脑里可以节省空间。理由2、同学们爱去student center自习，不爱去图书馆。学校减小学生中心只能导致学生自习空间更少。

版本二

听力材料讲，男学生不同意，1说学生可以在student center学习即使扩建还是满屋子书架，学习空间大不了哪去。

第三题：阅读说学校图书馆要给更多的space吧。 然后听力反对，说更多space不好，2点理由，第一说图书馆可以用电子化书籍，用电脑，电脑比shelf占的地方小多了。第二貌似是说有个student center还是哪里，中间有个xx，有很大的space，可以在那里放些桌子，这样同学们可以到那里去学习，这样图书馆就有更多地方放shelf

NO.8

Reading: the university theater is planning to prohibit eating food in the stadium. Reason1: Eating is a distraction to other members in the show, and avoiding eating improves the experience. Reason 2: Students forget to dispose their waste when leaving the stadium.

Listening: The woman agrees with the notice. Reason 1: Noise level; someone eats popcorn and distracts her. Reason 2: Filth; someone leaves a popcorn box inside the stadium.

NO.9

阅读：一个校报letter说一个学生提意见说图书馆家具沙发太烂要求换新的，理由是大家经常去图书馆学习希望more relaxing 更舒适

听：女生反对，说太relaxing反而不利于学习，因为太舒服了很容易就没心思学习了，光休息了。她建议说换家具不如多装一些电门，因为学生都是带laptop去的，经常不够用。这个更necessary

NO.10

一学生写信申请图书馆让用手机cellphone，女生反对，理由1:低声说话对方听不见，大声势必noise理由2:急事可以出去打电话，check message

NO.11

学校调整住宿政策，大一只和大一住，因为大一新生之间要多了解交流，并且学校提供不混住的宿舍会吸引到更多学生。对话中女生觉得这样很没必要，因为：1新生已经有很多机会相互了解了，比如活动什么的，而且他们很多课都一起上；2很多学生喜欢混住的宿舍，包括包括她就是被这种mixed type吸引的，因为前辈可以给他们经验和建议。

NO.12

阅读:a letter about humanistic study lounge

听力：男的说真不错，这样就不用浪费时间了，不用跑多个地方去上课了，来去各10分钟， 课间30分钟，如果有了这个，就可以在一个地方不用跑了。另外，有的课很难，有助于学生们交流提供一个场所，比如Hamlet很难，找不到同学讨论，如果有lounge 就不一样了，可以在一起讨论解决。

NO.13

学校计划不再免费提供打印材料，并限定每个学生每个月只能打印100张。理由1、浪费纸张太多。理由2、打印机经常卡纸。                            

女生不同意：一，研究论文过程中打印的纸张不能算作浪费；打印机卡纸是因为机器本身太旧。

NO.14

The university should sponsor organized bus trips for 1st year students.

1. 1st year students generally don't have a car.

2. Seniors are more familiar with the city.

The woman thinks it is a good idea. First, the city is far from campus and no public transportation is available. Second, because there is no bus, she hasn’t figured out the time and place for the music concerts.

NO.15

阅读里说学校决定取消夏天的早餐服务，因为吃饭的学生不多，而且想吃的人也可以到附近的咖啡厅吃早餐。听力里女生不同意，因为很多学生夏天也会在校上课，需要早餐提供体力，另外去其他咖啡厅吃早餐价格太贵。

NO.16

Reading: Proposal of selling snack and drinks in the campus bookstore.

Reasons:

1. It provides students with food and drinks when they are finding books to read.

2. Students may get hungry during class breaks.

Listening: Disapproval

1. Students may spill drinks on books and ruin them. Some of the books are expensive.

2. There is already a convenience store in campus close to the building where classes are held. Students are unlikely to go to the other side of campus to buy food from the bookstore.

NO.17

版本一：文中说下学期开始，学生将不被允许在学生活动中心外面的墙上张贴海报，因为海报使建筑难看，海报可以贴在餐厅的海报栏里。女生不认同，她说如果不给贴，那个建筑就会变的很boring，就是光秃秃的水泥墙，海报使建筑看上去有艺术感，使它具有性格和个性，海报常常变化，也使得建筑不那么沉闷。关于海报贴在餐厅外，女孩说不是所有人都在餐厅吃饭，课后有的人吃点零食，有的在外面吃从家带来的饭，这样的话，他们就看不到贴在餐厅外的海报，可能会错过很多    

版本二：

【Proposal】

The university will prohibit students riding bicycles on campus next semester.

【Reasons】

1. There were some minor accidents. The university will reduce the rate of accidents caused by riding bicycles.

2. Students can take the free campus buses without any negative effects.

Listening

The girl disagrees. 【Reasons】

1. The accidents took place at night because of low visibility.  

2. Free buses are inconvenient. Buses are only available once an hour and waiting for the bus is a waste of time.

NO.18

学校报社计划推出一个pro-peering？project，即，在学生提交Paper前，报社人员帮助同学修改，有利于balabala

女生觉得 不好， 1）报社人员也是学生，不一定给出什么好建议。

2）即使好建议， 也不利于学生的长远发展， 还是培养独立意识比较好。

口语第四题：

NO.1

短文说:商业上经常采用分类的方式来标记商品,商品按照大众认识的分类,就可以被找到.在商品的分类上创新,可以增加用户对商品的注意,增加销售量..

lecture：以手表为例，人们以前把它认为是一种昂贵而严肃的珠宝产品，做工精细，用于看时间，可以保存很长时间。但一个公司创造性地把它定位在流行时尚和有趣的产品上，它由塑料制造而不再是金属，也不贵了。

NO.2

讲joint venture   一个公司和一个公司合作创立第三个公司，平分利润。

听力老师用个一个tv 公司想要build一个网站post the news 但是他们没有高人帮他们弄网站，就找了一帮高人有着很强电脑技能，to design and maintain the website. they will provide the news. the profit made by third company is advertisement in the website, they 平分利润。

NO.3

阅读讲Test Marketing用来测试潜在客户对一个产品的反应，帮助公司对产品的问题进行修改，听力里举了电影公司的例子。比如他们做一个动画片给小孩看，但他们没有经验，所以就找来一些小孩看这部片子并且问他们最喜欢的角色，小孩都说喜欢里面的狗，于是公司以此为判断，把狗作为了动画片的主角，然后大获成功。

NO.4

internal competition

reading passage:

companies have some successful products 占据市场；但它们会introduce new products, 于是consumers 不买旧的买这个公司新的了。所以internal competition 意味着同个公司内部new products 抢了established products的profits，简单来说就是公司内部自己的新旧产品之间竞争。但这是没办法的，必须引进新产品，因为新产品才能和别的公司竞争

lecture:

教授说自己当教授前是一个automobile公司的总监之类的，他们公司之前有个top sell的small cars, 长得不好看但实用安全。后来别的公司的车挺时尚的，于是他公司为了竞争也产了一款新的more stylish的车。于是他公司的拥趸不买旧款买新款了。但这是必须的，因为为了come up with 其他公司，与其他公司竞争

NO.5

permeable group的概念，意即相比于一些封闭的动物种群，有一些动物种群的group愿意接纳外界的个体加入group一起生活，相互交流一些经验。Lecture中，professor举了female chimpanzee的例子，chimpanzee到了十岁的时候就会离开家庭，独自寻找一个group生活。而新的group也很乐意接纳她，因为她会带来一些新的知识。比如说在捕食上，由于她从另一个地方来，她在捕食ant的时候采取一种借助stick的方式，即让ant都从stick的一端爬上，然后她再在另一端等着吃掉它们。这个group里的其他成员会看着她完成这一切，记录下来并应用到以后的生活中。

NO.6

【名词解释】：friend affiliation（群体归属）refers to the people’s desire to be a member of a certain group。广告商make advisement by using people’s affiliation有两种方法：一是利用其positive effect，通过宣扬广告产品可以增加affiliation，在朋友之间寻求認同。二是利用其negative方法，如果用别的brand产品就会失去affiliation。

【教授举例】：为一个软饮料公司策划一个ad campaign，可有两种方案：第一种方案：在一个happy party里，everybody都drink the same kind of新brand的soda，都很happy。The soda becomes a very important thing in this situation。第二种方案：some young people are watching a football game in a stadium，突然 one of them drink a wrong brand of soda，then all the people become quite and 用奇怪的眼神look at him，and leave him alone，even his best friend left him。Then he realized he made a big mistake to drink the wrong kind soda。这是从negative入手让观众喜欢这个牌子的soda。问教授是怎么说明reading passage中的观点的。

NO.7

biological monitor(这个我当时有点蒙圈，说到一半才突然弄明白了TAT)

用来check health of environment

听力是一个机场每天有飞机，用蜜蜂的蜂蜜产量来判断环境好不好，结果发现蜂蜜产量没有变化，所以环境是好的

NO.8

convergent evolution 不同动物形成同样得feature，举例Africa的Aardvark和Australia  的echini都吃同种虫子which live in deep mud，都有long and sticky tongues

NO.9

trial offer。几个月前我看见电视上的一个广告（commercial）在推销stretching machine,在广告里都是一些很健美的男人，有很漂亮的肌肉，并且告诉你使用效果很棒，我看了很动心，但是那个广告只提供了一个购买电话在屏幕上，我对此犹豫不决，因为我不知道这个我没有听说过（unheard of），不熟悉(unfamiliar)的机器究竟是好是坏, 它是不是真的像广告中的那样起作用，因此我没有买。

几天后我在另外一个频道中看见了关于这个健身器材的同样的广告，这次不仅有购买电话号码，并且提供一个月的免费试用期，可以先使用后付款，于是我就订购了一台，试用期满后我付款买下了这台健身器。

NO.10

阅读：讲小孩遇到做事失败后经常frustrate，稍微大点的孩子就会知道如何克服这种不好的情绪，讲家长要怎么怎么帮助孩子去增强抗失落

听：举例说自己的孩子玩积木吧盖塔，经常倒。倒了就叫家长帮忙，他每次都去帮忙。但后来发现这样不好，所以他每次都故意晚去一会，几周之后孩子学会了独立完成。

NO.11

问题：男人说要写一个作业关于poem的，他发现一本好书在图书馆，但他出去玩疯了，忘了在Weds（大概是）借书了，而且他点背，那天图书馆关门早。

解决方案

1女的说可不可以用别的poem书呢，他就觉得这书好。

2另外一个就是，明天早晨早点儿去图书馆，然后快点儿看，因为没啥时间了，必须的他交作业了

NO.12

advanced crediting 这一概念：老师在学生没有完成某任务之前就鼓励学生们说他们会做这个可以帮助学生最后完成这个任务。                              

听力材料里professor讲述了advanced crediting的一个例子，总是鼓励一开始乱仍糖纸的小孩子是讲卫生，爱干净的孩子，他们到最后就会变得不乱丢糖纸了。

NO.13

　　Term: Impact Bias

　　Definition: people have inaccurate expectations of the impact that certain events will have on them: both the event’s intensity and how long it would last.

　　Lecture:

The professor’s daughter wanted to apply to this university because her best friends were applying and because of the university’s great educational program. She thought her life would be ruined if she didn’t get it. It turned out that she wasn’t accepted. While she got very upset about it, she was busy taking care of her high school graduation and planning her summer vacation. Pretty soon she forgot about her misfortune of being rejected by the school and moved on with her life.

NO.14

commitment device

　　The professor wanted to run a 10-kilometer race and planned to get up very early in the morning. But he often went back to sleep after getting up. Then he had a friend who ran with him together so that he was able to have an early run every morning.

NO.15

阅读讲Nomadic phase指动物的迁徙，主要因为一些生活危机，例如食物枯竭或其他灾难。听力举例蚁群居住在地下，但当新蚁出生后他们就会迁徙，以满足对新生蚂蚁的食物源头。

NO.16

Reading: Compound Nesting (biology) two species that are different enough so as not to compete for food when living together.

Listening: Example of ants in Africa. The bigger ants collect food while the smaller ones eat the scraps. For the smaller ant, it doesn't need to search for food. For the bigger ant, the smaller one keeps the nest clean by eating the leftover food and prevents bacteria from growing.

NO.17

版本一：说的是animal coloration，说是动物会具有一种独特的颜色，这种颜色会警告它的捕食者，如果被侵犯，它就会攻击，吃过苦头的攻击者下次见到这种颜色的动物就会避而远之。教授说了一个例子，skunk臭 鼬是一种全身黑的动物，只有一缕白毛从头部延伸到尾巴，它被攻击时会竖起毛，尾巴上的腺体喷出十分难闻的气体。比如说一只狼接近它，它就会把这种难闻的液 体喷狼一身，由于这种液体十分的恶心难闻，狼就记住了这种动物的颜色特征，下次这只狼再看到全身黑，背上有从头到尾巴的白毛的动物就会远远的避开。                                

版本二：

Test costumers are people who are hired by employers to evaluate the employees’ performance during work. They pretend to be normal customers.                           【Examples】

A restaurant manager wanted to observe how well the waitresses and waiters did. She watched in person, but the employees who knew they were observed behaved better than usual. So she hired a man who pretended to be a normal customer in the restaurant. The man asked the employees questions and provided the manager with feedback about employees’ behavior, such as whether they were friendly and polite.

NO.18

Behavior scaling, 动物总会根据不同环境展现出不同行为。T 动物，baby T,有的生长在食物丰富的地方-----not social, alone

食物不足的地方-----social and work

口语第五题：

NO.1

女生的问题是她的音乐剧明天首映但主演病了，她可以找人来替，但是担心这个人会觉得太紧张而演不好，也可以考虑把音乐剧推迟到下周，但这样观众会觉得很失望。

NO.2

一个女生show优越，说老师给他extra week to finish his research paper,  he do not know what to do.

1 solution is to live with parents ,which is two hour away from the campus and hard to get the school resource 而且他们妹妹们要挑逗他说话，distracting her。

2live near the campus, 但是房租好贵。

我认为第二个好，钱什么的都是浮云啊，学习最重要的啊。

NO.3

男生定错机票have a physics test on that day, two solutions, one is to change the flight, charge $150 fee, another is to ask the prof to change the date of exam, only Tuesday is available, but have another two exams on that day, don't sure if he will be ready for the three exams.

NO.4

Problem: the woman is planning to move out of campus. She has found an apartment to share with her original roommate, but the apartment is too expensive and she cannot afford it.

Solution1: Ask her roommate to find someone new to share with her. Con: difficult to find a new partner for the roommate with such limited period of time. Solution2: get a part-time job in a restaurant. Con: It’s time- consuming and she may not have enough time to study or socialize with her friends.

【学生困难】：女生要在周末组织一个户外音乐节outdoor music festival，weather forecast却说周末可能会下雨，女生担心活动没办法按时举行。

【解决方案】：男生两个建议：一、postpone到下周末。但是女生怕请来的学生乐队student band players会有人无法出席，他们下周末可能有其他plan了。二、就这个周末，雨势不大shower，在雨中进行，因为有可能只下一会雨，天气还是好的，这样也很特别，女生说怕大家开始看到窗外在下雨就不想来看了。就在窗口看而不买票，她希望提供的是现场的音乐享受。 第五题，学生对话，说因为天气原因，一个演唱会就收到影响

    男生给出两个建议

NO.5

女生说父母来参加他的毕业典礼，遇到了麻烦：他们从比较远的地方来需要找地方住下，但学校附近的hotel都book满了。 Solu1：去她的公寓住，但她的公寓非常小，需要rearrange，她要睡沙发了。 Solu2：去远一点的hotel住，但缺点是离学校开车20分钟，需要租车，成本比较高。

NO.6

听力，一男一女discussing about 女的的problem, 她早上总是错过吃早餐，因为她起不来。她的课在早上8点，她总是赶在提前刚好的时间起床，所以没能时间吃早餐。 男的建议她是不是可以买些零食在room里，不用cook的那种，女的说不行，因为她平时错过早餐所以大概只吃2餐，现在再加上一餐虽然是零食，但是still cost她一些钱，不行！然后又自己建议其实她可以swich到另一个在上午晚一点才上的课程。还是同一个professor teach的。

要求总结女的问题以及solution

NO.7

男的遇到问题，在公共学校的一门课有15个人，人太多，他不到老师的有效反馈，决定退课，他自己给自己提了两个solutions，一个是换到晚上，人少，但是晚上他可能有作业，课什么的，二是到暑假再选，但暑假他已经有两门课了，可能三门太多了

NO.8

学生把车钥匙留在车里了，书也锁在里面了，没书就没办法上课，两个建议：一，找一个locksmith来开锁，但这样很贵；二，向她父母要extra key，但要一两天时间才能送来。

NO.9

问题：推销服务质量，还有一个叫TESTMONIA(音）professor的朋友想做paint work，但是没有生意，

解决方案

1.采用了推销服务质量之后，有人说这个人涂东西极好又耐久，后来很多人都来找他。

2.另外，他还发了图片对比涂了的和没涂的效果，人们看到了，吸引了广大的潜在客户。

NO.10

　　Problem: the man is invited to go to a conference in NYC with the professor he’s been working with. Only the hotel will be covered, and he will have to pay for transportation himself.

　　Solution 1: He can buy a plane ticket and fly to NYC.

　　Pro: He will have an opportunity to meet people, learn something, and get more time to be prepared for presentation

　　Con: It’s expensive

　　Solution 2: Take the train to NYC

　　Pro: Save some money

Con: The train ride takes a whole day and he will miss an important class.

NO.11

女生要展出的画忘在家里了，但今天晚上就要展出，且她的朋友要来看，所以想今晚取来，但是今晚她又要review physical test, 没时间。第二个解决方案是可以让她妈妈送来，但是妈妈明天才有空送来，今晚她的朋友就要来看。

NO.12

The woman plans to go home during the Winter Break. However, the ticket is expensive and she hasn't bought one.

　　Two solutions: 1. Take the bus. It’s cheap, but 8-hour trip is a pain. 2. Take the 3 AM flight. This interrupts her parents' sleep and makes it inconvenient for them to pick her up.

NO.13

女生刚刚搬家要开暖房聚会，得收拾屋子。但明早她约了朋友去参观博物馆，要耽搁一天，发生了冲突。男生建议可以今晚收拾房间，但女生担心明天逛博物馆会累，或者可以不去博物馆，但女生担心朋友不高兴，而且展览机会难得。

NO.14

The girl is on her way to buy groceries for the party tonight. She suddenly remembers that there will be a chemistry review session in 10 minutes. Option 1: Go to the session but feel bad because she has promised her roommates that they are going to cook. Option 2: Leave early from the session to go buy groceries. But there's a quiz next week and she is worried that she won't pass.

NO.15

版本一：男生想去参加一个电影鉴赏会，但是那天晚上他cousin要来，他要和他在餐厅吃饭，给他介绍学校的情况。他有两个选择，女孩说她可以陪他cousin吃饭，介绍学校情况，因为她天天晚上都在餐厅吃饭，男孩说让一个不同的人介绍学校确实好，但是他cousin有些害羞，他有点担心他会感觉不舒服，另外一个办法是不去看电影，以后再看，但是他又非常想参加后面的讨论会。女生让他决定好了告诉她

版本二：

【Problem】

The girl attended the rehearsal of a school play. The rehearsal is time consuming. She is too busy to take many classes and is not doing well in her studies. She does not know what to do.

【Solutions】

1. Drop out of play and focus on studying.

Con: Her major is theater. Attending rehearsal helps her progress. If she quits, it may cause trouble for her professor to find someone to replace her and result in the professor becoming angry with her.

2. Decrease the number of classes and take them next semester.

Con: She has taken the course for 3 weeks and has already put in so much work in that class. It is a required course. If she drops the class this semester, she will have to take it again next semester.

NO.16

女生室友忘带冬季外套让她开车到机场送， 她去， 时间太长；不去又不好， 况且她室友最近帮了她的忙。

她室友还说自己可以去借什么的。

NO.17

问题女生在图书馆写历史paper被人打扰。

　　方法一：跟图书管理员report.但是害怕被状告人的mad,或者in trouble

方法二：换地方。但是她所在的区域有所需书籍，换地方版书籍很麻烦。

NO.18

Conversation

对话中的女生遇到了困难。她说自己明年毕业，有一个强制的外语要学习才能毕业。但她之后一学期会非常忙，所以在暑假，她选了自己喜欢的Russian online course。可是注册的人不够，被cancelled了。

现在能够有的两个选择：

1)选择在校内上的on-campus的Russian课。因为Russian是她喜欢的，这样她就要在学校待上一个暑假了。不能够回去看自己从中国工作回来的姐姐。

2)选择其他的网上外语课程，西班牙语。但是她不喜欢，可是如果上网上课程她就可以回去和她姐姐见面了。

口语第六题：

NO.1

城市温度比农村高的原因。一个是城市中的机器会释放各种热量，比如汽车释放尾气和热量，另外是城市当中黑色的东西更多，更易吸收光并转化为热量。比如concrete制成的深色马路和街道。

NO.2

讲小动物们都喜欢成群结队出去玩去保护自己，捕食他们的动物有两个方法去吃他们。

1 找到一个有着不一样颜色的小动物，然后定位他，就吃他。例子是memo神马的 someone in the group will have unique color from others, the predator will go after him

2 他们还会把这些group break up, 然后小动物们紧张了，逃跑了，队伍就散了，然后捕食者就找一个group 去追神马啊。

NO.3

印刷术出现之前的出的出版和阅读都是不一样的......

从前的书是手抄本，抄写员会漏词、多词、或者拼错，导致每本书的内容都不一样，现在你到书店里去，看见一摞一样的书肯定内容都是一摸一样的。从前的书很贵和稀有，你有了一本就会有超多的人到你家里来看，大声地朗读出来。现在大家都买得起书啦，你可以一个人静静地看。

NO.4

telecommute。教授讲到现在的公司为了追求利润经常会采取telecommute的方式，意即通过email和telephone工作，而不再到办公室去上班。之后重点讨论了两个advantage：

• 首先，telecommute为公司带来了很多”overhead cut” ，即办公经费的开支。通过减少办公室面积和办公室的设备，公司节约了很多成本。比如说professor姐姐的公司，上一年要求25%的员工以telecommute的方式工作，结果到了年底节省了half million

• 其次，telecommute留住了以前必定要流失的人才。公司培养一个人才需要花很多的财力人力，而这些人才如果因为计划外原因流动出公司，会对公司造成极大的损失。Telecommute可以使这些员工即使流动到其他城市或国家也能参与工作，从而保证了工作效率并减少了人才方面带来的损失。Professor又举了她姐姐的例子，她姐姐本来要移到Texas去居住，因此不能继续参与原公司的工作，但公司提出可以让她以telecommute的方式继续工作，保障了公司的利益。

NO.5

Ecosystem engineering: 动物住在一个地方，这个地方会变得适合其他动物生存。两种方式

1、在日常生活中慢慢去做。比如某个海鲜：mussels，在吃水里东西的时候把水过滤干净了。

2、在一个群中间位置的时候，形成一个对其他动物有保护的地方。再比如刚才那个海鲜：mussels。他们成群住在海洋地表，他们之间的空隙形成其他动物能够生存的空间。

NO.6

女生的老师组织看play和打工时间冲突1.和manager请假，但是上次已经请过一次假了2.和professor请假，事后看vcd，但是她喜欢和大家一起看

NO.7

讲鸟类迁徙之前都会做一定的调整和改变，分两方面：1，body change：长途飞行需要大量能量，为了减少停下来的次数，会提前储存能量，吃多点存脂肪。2，习惯的改变：为了应对路上碰到的敌人，一些独来独往的鸟会开始social，结成group一起飞，比较安全。

NO.8

biological 的课程

一群群居的动物，易感染疾病，以一个动物好像叫ann的为例， 说明他们如何去defense会感染疾病。

1）。。。。。。sorry 脑子短路。。。。。。忘了。。。

2）他们会经常自我清洁，通过自我清洁可以避免感染。

要求概括一下课堂的内容，表述他们如何去defense的。

NO.9

publicity 相对 advertising 的优点，一是更便宜，比如游戏厂商在电脑杂志上发表文章比广告便宜，二是可信度更高，电脑杂志如果描述一下那个电脑游戏，购买者更容易接受，相对于广告

NO.10

biological monitor(这个我当时有点蒙圈，说到一半才突然弄明白了TAT)

用来check health of environment

听力是一个机场每天有飞机，用蜜蜂的蜂蜜产量来判断环境好不好，结果发现蜂蜜产量没有变化，所以环境是好的

NO.11

女生的老师组织看play和打工时间冲突1.和manager请假，但是上次已经请过一次假了2.和professor请假，事后看vcd，但是她喜欢和大家一起看

NO.12

讲如何推断出ancient climates。教授说可以研究化石，因为气候会对形成化石的微生物产生影响。举例，某种有硬壳的shellfish,壳里的镁含量和sea water temperature有关，温度高的时候镁的含量就高。所以就可以通过对比这种矿物质在化石和现在那个地方的shellfish壳里的含量，然后就知道气候变暖了还是变冷了。

NO.13

版本1 这个lecture讲了动物储存食物 （hoarding）的两种不同方式

1）all food in one location,但是这就要求动物必须能够守住这些食物，用physical prevention 来 defense. 比如Squirrel, 他们会把所有食物都藏带一个地方，但是如果有 birds或者其他都无来抢的时候他们就会把这些掠食者赶走, drive them away

2）disperse, divide up food and save in different locations, 但是这要求动物必须记性特别好（good memory）记的食物都放在那些地方了.比如 Rat in desert, 它们把食物藏在hundreds of locations，但是他们记性好，都记得这些locations在哪里

版本2 ：心理学——generalizing

阅读部分: 在学习语言的过程中，儿童很容易把一个词的意思理解为仅仅是用来表示一个特定的物体（one specific object），随着年龄的增长，儿童能逐渐理解一个单词不仅能用来描述一件物品，而是可以用来表示某一类物品。这种现象叫做归纳（generalizing）。

听力部分：教授的儿子三岁时，他有一个玩具火车，爸爸妈妈就教给儿子这个东西叫做“train”。有一天爸妈带着儿子出去玩，途径火车站，爸爸就指着火车说这是“train”，当时儿子就显得非常不理解（upset and confused）。而到儿子四岁时，他就能够正确使用“train”这个词了，并且能明白这个词不仅仅能够表示他的玩具火车，还能用来表示火车站里真正的火车。

问：用教授给出的例子解释什么是generalizing。

NO.14

　　The professor talks about what animals that don’t live underwater do to stay underwater. The first way is to reduce movement in order to save oxygen. For example, an alligator hunts underwater by staying very still, with basically no movement. In doing so, it can cut down its heart rate and reduce the need for more oxygen. The second way is to minimize the time spent underwater. For example, a brown pelican dives down to catch fish in the water. It doesn’t go deep and it has air sacks that open in the water. That will help the pelican get back to the surface as fast as possible for oxygen.

NO.15

The professor talks about two types of suspense in a movie.

The first type is when the audience tries to guess the ending. For example, two heroes set the same goal, but the audience has no idea who will come out first.

The second type is that the audience knows the ending but has no clue about the process of getting there. For example, in a love story, the hero and heroine will undoubtedly meet in the end, but how they meet each other becomes the intrigue.

NO.16

顾客买东西一般看产品的两种cues，一种是内在的，由产品自身的质量决定，比如果汁好喝所以买，一种是外在的，由产品的外在包装决定，比如果汁的瓶子漂亮，并且商标fancy，所以买。

In the lecture, the professor talks about two cues consumers use to judge the qualities of products. The first is the intrinsic cue, where the customers judge the products’ quality by their physical characteristics, such as color, texture, and size. For example, customers will think a food possesses good qualities if it tastes good. The opposite is the extrinsic cue, where the customers don’t judge a product’s quality by its physical characteristics. For example, if a juice is placed inside a good looking glass bottle and has a good label, consumers will think it has good qualities. Here the product is evaluated by the external packaging but not by the taste of the juice itself.

NO.17

There are two ways whales use sounds to survive in the deep ocean. The first is navigation. Whales detect the refection from objects in order to get a sense of the right direction. The second is feeding. Since whales travel in groups, they can call on other whales to see if they found any fish.

NO.18

S6讲telecommute的好处，一个更加绿色环保，不用开车，减少空气污染，另一方面给乡村居民提供工作机会，大公司也可以招收远距离的乡村居民。