雅思听力机经
一、考试概述：
在经历了前几场考试的大幅度题型配置变化之后，本场考试又迎来了经典的20+20题目配置形式，整体难度为中等。Section 2介绍——澳大利亚度假中心, 6单选+4多选Section 3学生讨论——古代物品年龄鉴别，6单选+4配对1. Telephone number (home) : 0218819Diploma: Secondary school2. Type of job wanted: builder3. Proficient in language: certificate in English5. want to work only on: bus route6. can work full-time in evenings8. and hurt his back injuries9. gardening and can bring his own tools10. date for starting work: 15th October解析：经典的求职场景内容，数字日期等方面的拼写依旧是考点。重点需要注意参考练习：C7T3S1, C8T4S1, C9T1S111. the resort is suitable for?C. families with children12. What part of town room does she prefer/like most?13. which facility was recently build15. why does the *** like the rainforest exploration:B. excellent four guiding16. the sound of the birds are only opened17-18. What does the *** provide there?19-20. A tour visiting educational aboriginal tribe, tourists canA. learn about *** historyB. watch blankets weavingD. enjoy local traditional dancing解析： 本套S2中的连续单选题和连续多选题会有一定的难度，考验考生的读题速度
参考练习：C7T1S2
21. what is Linda's object to study?22. Linda calculate the date of the antique based on its:23. What surprised Linda mostB. can sell out in high priceC. be sold in the internet24. The character of the antique (object):25. Why Neil do not bring the antique with him?B. too useful for owner to move26. How did Neil identify the time?27. D meet interesting people28. C new method for research29. A draw conclusion from experiment30. B feel prepared at the start31. when compared to painting or music, movie lack of depth32. impose negative: emotions on some audienceMusic part of the theme last for ages33. rely too much on the: famous actors34. applying techniques of light to cause positive effect35. when compared to character, modern films pay much more attention on words36. people will understand the purpose of director through plots37. this director's films are more like ** and myth38. films which are full dreams will inspire the audienceComment for a film of ***39. the director's films are underline family relationship40. people will learn to accept all the life offers解析： 电影类的场景内容可以参考C6T2S4的内容进行准备练习，内容可以参考C11T2S4
雅思阅读机经
本次考试的文章中有两篇旧文章，难度中等。文章主要内容是关于城市化带来的好处、蚂蚁间的学习、意外性科学.主要考察的题型为判断题、填空题、选择题。
参考文章：
The Biology and Psychology of Crowding in Man and Animals
Reading Passage 3 has nine paragraphs, A-G.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, Ⅰ-Ⅺ, in boxes on your answer sheet.Ⅰ The difference between crowding and densityⅡ The effects of crowding in different situations on human beingsⅢ The terrible results of the crowding studyⅣ The effective solutions to the crowding problemⅤ The reasons of increasing crowdingⅥ The best strategy to cope with the crowding problem—social withdrawalⅦ Different definitions of crowding and their effects on human beingsⅧ The only reason why people feel badⅨ The reasons why crowding affects people's feelingsⅩ Three most important trends that people may face todayComplete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 3 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes on your answer sheet.Calhoun's study about rats shows that they may become aggressive despite no ______.35、 When the definition of crowding concerns with ______, or interaction, it may affects people both psychologically and physically.36、 Crowding makes people feel insufficient ______, because people cannot do what they want.37、 That males are more aggressive in small rooms and females are more aggressive in large rooms shows the different ______ of genders.38、 High density may reduce helping behaviour due to the ______.39、 People feel less crowding if they can ______ more over the situation.40、 The most effective way to reduce the effect of high density on human beings is ______.personal space requirementsdiffusion of responsibilityThe ants are tiny and usually nest between rocks in the south coast of England. Transformed into research subjects at the University of Bristol, they raced along a tabletop foraging for food -- and then, remarkably, returned to guide others. Time and again, followers trailed behind leaders, darting this way and that along the route, presumably to memorize landmarks. Once a follower got its bearings, it tapped the leader with its antennae, prompting the lesson to literally proceed to the next step. The ants were only looking for food, but the researchers said the careful way the leaders led followers -- thereby turning them into leaders in their own right -- marked the Temnothorax albipennis ant as the very first example of a non-human animal exhibiting teaching behavior."Within the field of animal behavior, we would say an animal is a teacher if it modifies behavior in the presence of another, at cost to itself, so another individual can learn more quickly," said Nigel R. Franks, professor of animal behavior and ecology, whose paper on the ant educators was published last week in the journal Nature. But defining even common behaviors such as teaching is complex, and it is even harder to understand what is happening in the brains of other animals. So it is no surprise that the paper has sparked debate over what constitutes learning and teaching in the non-human world."Tandem running is an example of teaching, to our knowledge the first in a non-human animal, that involves bidirectional feedback between teacher and pupil," wrote Franks and graduate student Tom Richardson, who spent countless hours poring over videotape. No sooner was the paper published, of course, than another educator (this one at Harvard) pooh-poohed it. Marc D. Hauser, a psychologist and biologist and one of the scientists who came up with the definition of teaching, said it was unclear whether the ants had learned a new skill or merely acquired new information. Mere communication of information is commonplace in the animal world, Hauser noted. Consider a species, for example, that uses alarm calls to warn fellow members about the presence of a predator. Sounding the alarm can be costly, because the animal may draw the attention of the predator to itself. But it allows others to flee to safety.Franks responded by saying that the two-way communication between the ants was quite different than merely sounding an alarm about a predator. And, he added, the follower ant often did not use the same direct route on its return trip. Once led to food, ants found new paths back to the nest, Franks and Richardson found, and those paths were sometimes more direct than the route that leaders had shown them.In other words, Franks said, the teaching appeared to give follower ants more than just information; it generally increased their knowledge of the foraging environment.Bennett G. Galef Jr., a psychologist who studies animal behavior and social learning at McMaster University in Canada, sided with Franks. He said ants were unlikely to have a "theory of mind" -- meaning that leaders and followers may well have been following instinctive routines that were not based on an understanding of what was happening in another ant's brain.A A paradox lies close to the heart of scientific discovery. If you know just what you are looking for, finding it can hardly count as a discovery, since it was fully anticipated. But if, on the other hand, you have no notion of what you are looking for, you cannot know when you have found it, and discovery, as such, is out of the question. In the philosophy of science, these extremes map onto the purist forms of deductivism and inductivism: In the former, the outcome is supposed to be logically contained in the premises you start with; in the latter, you are recommended to start with no expectations whatsoever and see what turns up.B As in so many things, the ideal position is widely supposed to reside somewhere in between these two impossible-to-realize extremes. You want to have a good enough idea of what you are looking for to be surprised when you find something else of value, and you want to be ignorant enough of your end point that you can entertain alternative outcomes. Scientific discovery should, therefore, have an accidental aspect, but not too much of one. Serendipity is a word that expresses a position something like that. It's a fascinating word, and the late Robert King Merton—"the father of the sociology of science"—liked it well enough to compose its biography, assisted by the French cultural historian Elinor Barber.C The word did not appear in the published literature until the early 19th century and did not become well enough known to use without explanation until sometime in the first third of the 20th century. Antiquarians, following Walpole, found use for it, as they were always rummaging about for curiosities, and unexpected but pleasant surprises were not unknown to them. Some people just seemed to have a knack for that sort of thing, and serendipity was used to express that special capacity.D The other community that came to dwell on serendipity to say something important about their practice was that of scientists, and here usages cut to the heart of the matter and were often vigorously contested. Many scientists, including the Harvard physiologist Walter Cannon and, later, the British immunologist Peter Medawar, liked to emphasize how much of scientific discovery was unplanned and even accidental. One of Cannon's favorite examples of such serendipity is Luigi Galvani's observation of the twitching of dissected frogs' legs, hanging from a copper wire, when they accidentally touched an iron railing, leading to the discovery of "galvanism"; another is Hans Christian Ørsted's discovery of electromagnetism when he unintentionally brought a current-carrying wire parallel to a magnetic needle. Rhetoric about the sufficiency of rational method was so much hot air. Indeed, as Medawar insisted in The Art of the Soluble, "There is no such thing as The Scientific Method," no way at all of systematizing the process of discovery. Really important discoveries had a way of showing up when they had a mind to do so and not when you were looking for them. Maybe some scientists, like some book collectors, had a happy knack; maybe serendipity described the situation rather than a personal skill or capacity.E In this connection, the aphorism of choice came from no less an authority on scientific discovery than Louis Pasteur: "Chance favors the prepared mind." Accidents may happen, and things may turn up unplanned and unforeseen, as one is looking for something else, but the ability to notice such events, to see their potential bearing and meaning, to exploit their occurrence and make constructive use of them—these are the results of systematic mental preparation. What seems like an accident is just another form of expertise. On closer inspection, it is insisted, accident dissolves into sagacity.F But the conjunction of chance and expertise was, indeed, part of Walpole's original definition: The three princes made their discoveries "by accidents and sagacity," and the example of the mule was one that Sherlock Holmes, or Umberto Eco's William of Baskerville, using what the philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce called "abductive inference," would have been proud of. Some scientists using the word meant to stress those accidents belonging to the situation; some treated serendipity as a personal capacity; many others exploited the ambiguity of the notion.G The context in which scientific serendipity was most contested and had its greatest resonance was that connected with the idea of planned science. If you thought that scientific research could be confidently planned—as many Marxists, and some corporate capitalists and Pentagon functionaries, did—then you were making a massive bet against serendipity. If, on the other hand, you considered that efforts to organize, regiment and plan science were ill-advised, then you could recruit serendipity to your cause. The serendipitists were not all inhabitants of academic ivory towers. As Merton and Barber note, two of the great early-20th-century American pioneers of industrial research—Willis Whitney and Irving Langmuir, both of General Electric—made much play of serendipity, in the course of arguing against overly rigid research planning.H It is a humane vision, and this biography of serendipity is a humane, learned and very wise book. It was finished in 1958 and lay in Merton's files until just a few years ago. His explanation that it was put aside as a mere prologue to another book doesn't carry complete conviction. A plausible alternative is that American academic sociology was then well on its way to taking a radically different direction from that represented in this book: less humane, more rationalistic, less concerned with the vagaries and contingencies of concrete human action, less willing to attend to voices speaking of unanticipated consequences, complexities and, indeed, serendipity.G As his subsequent career illustrates, Merton himself must have had ambivalent feelings about these differences in sociological sensibilities: Scientism pulled him in one direction, humanism in another; and in the subsequent decades, scientism exerted the stronger pull. Perhaps Merton felt that the time for such a book had passed. It is a pity that we had to wait so long for it, since The Travels and Adventures of Serendipity is the great man's greatest achievement.
雅思写作机经
作文题目：英国一座桥上不同种类的车辆三年占比的对比 两种车辆呈上升趋势，一个先升后降，一个呈下降趋势。（考生回忆有限，图形有待补充）参考建议：该小作文可分四段。第一段改写题目，不要花费过长时间。主体段分为两段，同是上升趋势的两种车辆为一段，可借鉴曲线图写法，先将两种车做对比，再用年初年末数据法表达，其中，respectively位于句尾，表“分别地”。主体段第二段用On the contrary连接，描述呈下降趋势的车在三年间的变化，表大幅度、小幅度、稳定地程度副词如considerably, slightly, stably等要熟记。再描述最后一种车辆，即先升后降，可用before连接两种趋势。It is a good thing for people in senior management positions to get a higher salary than other workers in the same company. To what extent do you agree or disagree?今天的题目的难度稍大，一方面考试的话题是雅思写作很久没有出现的经济类的题目。其次的话这个话题对于很多者大学考生都比较陌生，因为大家缺乏相应的背景知识，所以很难在观点和词汇上进行相应的拓展。希望同学们可以通过今天的范文，多多积累小众的雅思话题，这样才可以兵来将挡，水来土掩。If Karl Marx was still alive in the world, chances are that he would frown upon the widening disparity between the well-paid senior staff, who are in charge of lifeblood of the company and other workers who are heavily exploited for their surplus value. In spite of the harshness in the distribution of payment, I am in favor of the view that the salary should be in line with the hierarchy of staff in their companies.The staff who are in the relatively high level in companies assume more accountability of the operation of companies, which justifies the status quo that they are supposed to be better rewarded. The senior members’ responsibilities do not only confine in the office trifles such as printing the files for the meeting, or work out a balance sheet for the financial quarter. Instead, they are under the massive pressure to be insightful policy makers who are seemingly at ease with daunting tasks, because one of their minor mistakes is likely to trigger a blunder, bringing inevitable financial loss to their companies.On the other hand, the high salary of the senior staff can also serve as incentive to their subordinates. Monetary reward, materialistic as it might be, can stir more motivation of staff because it is a conspicuous fact that a decent salary is the foundation of the daily life. With the seductive payback, workers are more willing to fulfill their duties with higher quality and the talent of the able would be fully tapped to the benefit for companies and themselves.Of course, the dark sides cannot be neglected due to its advantages the high salary brings. Certain senior members share the lion’s share of benefit and the rest of it is then allocated to majority of junior employees. This income gap is a dormant factor that can damage the rapport of the members and undermine the overall moral and collaboration of different levels of staff.In conclusion, the principle of “no pain no gain” still works as a maxim in the modern companies. Egalitarianism is only a utopian depiction, while utilitarianism has the final say.
雅思口语机经
1.a team project for study or entertainment2.an interesting public place that you like to visit3.a useful APP on phones, computers or tablets you know4.a wedding you have been to5.a big company you are interested in
Describe a team project for study or entertainment
I’ve had a lot of teamwork experience at university. There is one that stands out in my mind and it was a group essay, for the Marketing module that I took last semester. My group members were of course my classmates, assigned randomly by the professor. But we got along really well. We met up mostly at the school library where we had access to all the reference books and database we needed. During the first few meetings, we worked out the online of the essay together, then every member of the group were assigned with specific tasks. What I was asked to do was a research on how the company, that we studied, was using social media as a data source. So, then we did our parts individually. And a few weeks later, we all finished our work on time, which was quite impressive, and we had some discussion to put things together. And we ended up doing very well. I find it was a very nice experience, though we did have some argument during the discussion, inevitably. We had a clear division of word and each of us stuck to the task, and I think that’s why we did a great job together.
