2016年1月24日大陆托福阅读解析

第一篇：火星上的水

　　文章解析：

　　第一段：综述火星的大气特征，与地球形成对比，提出在这种气候条件下液态水不易在表面形成。

　　第二段：通过各种探测手段对火星表面地质特征(沉淀，水道)的研究得出结论：火星上确实存在液态水。

　　第三段：液态水的存在证明，火星上很可能存在生命迹象。

　　第四段：然而对于火星上生命迹象的研究存在很多的难题。

　　TPO文章参考：

　　TPO08-3 Running waters on mars

　　TPO25-1 The surface of mars

　　两篇文章都是关于火星深入的研究文章,而其中TPO25-1主要关注火星表面火山的特点：huge volcanoes and extensive impact cratering，仅在最后一段对火星表面的水的存在做了简要的说明。 TPO08-3 主要研究火星表面的水，与24日真题更为相似。在此笔者也帮助各位考生对 TPO08-3的文章做进一步梳理。

　　TPO08-3 Running waters on mars结构分析

　　第一段：

　　1火星上曾经存在液态水，两种表面特征runoff channels and outflow channels支持了这个推断

　　2Runoff channels的特征

　　第二段：

　　outflow channels的特征

　　第三段：

　　1火星上早期可能广泛存在着液态水，这些水的数量极大，甚至有海洋存在

　　第四段：

　　提出另个理由对火星上存在液态水的反驳：1.terraces could also have been created by geological activity，2theMartian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers

　　第五段：

　　总结全文，得出结论：即使没有直接证据，但outflow channels 证明火星上过去确实还是存在水。并推测火星上所有的水实际上现在可能已经封存在其地下的永久冻层中，并且在极地地区最多。

　　TPO25-1 The surface of mars中关于液态水的内容

　　However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.

　　注：ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact)

　　另外笔者还为各位考生总结了TPO中所有的天文类文章，方便大家进行分学科综合整理。

　　天文类文章：

　　TPO08-3 Running waters on mars

　　TPO16-3 Plants in our solar system

　　TPO22-3 The Allende meteorite

　　TPO25-1 The surface of mars(与TPO35-3重复)

　　TPO36-2 The origin of earth atmosphere

　　此外，听力部分

　　TPO30 Lecture3

　　OG Test 2 中也有关于火星的内容供大家参考

　　推荐阅读：

　　对于火星上存在液态水的最新研究：

　　NASA Confirms Evidence That Liquid Water Flows on Today’s Mars(2.15.9.28)

　　New findings from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) provide the strongest evidence yet that liquid water flows intermittently on present-day Mars.

　　Using an imaging spectrometer on MRO, researchers detected signatures of hydrated minerals on slopes where mysterious streaks are seen on the Red Planet. These darkish streaks appear to ebb and flow over time. They darken and appear to flow down steep slopes during warm seasons, and then fade in cooler seasons. They appear in several locations on Mars when temperatures are above minus 10 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 23 Celsius), and disappear at colder times.

　　“Our quest on Mars has been to ‘follow the water,’ in our search for life in the universe, and now we have convincing science that validates what we’ve long suspected,” said John Grunsfeld, astronaut and associate administrator of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. “This is a significant development, as it appears to confirm that water -- albeit briny -- is flowing today on the surface of Mars.”

　　These downhill flows, known as recurring slope lineae (RSL), often have been described as possibly related to liquid water. The new findings of hydrated salts on the slopes point to what that relationship may be to these dark features. The hydrated salts would lower the freezing point of a liquid brine, just as salt on roads here on Earth causes ice and snow to melt more rapidly. Scientists say it’s likely a shallow subsurface flow, with enough water wicking to the surface to explain the darkening.

　　"We found the hydrated salts only when the seasonal features were widest, which suggests that either the dark streaks themselves or a process that forms them is the source of the hydration. In either case, the detection of hydrated salts on these slopes means that water plays a vital role in the formation of these streaks," said Lujendra Ojha of the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) in Atlanta, lead author of a report on these findings published Sept. 28 by Nature Geoscience.

　　Ojha first noticed these puzzling features as a University of Arizona undergraduate student in 2010, using images from the MRO's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE). HiRISE observations now have documented RSL at dozens of sites on Mars. The new study pairs HiRISE observations with mineral mapping by MRO’s Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM).

　　The spectrometer observations show signatures of hydrated salts at multiple RSL locations, but only when the dark features were relatively wide. When the researchers looked at the same locations and RSL weren't as extensive, they detected no hydrated salt.

　　Ojha and his co-authors interpret the spectral signatures as caused by hydrated minerals called perchlorates. The hydrated salts most consistent with the chemical signatures are likely a mixture of magnesium perchlorate, magnesium chlorate and sodium perchlorate. Some perchlorates have been shown to keep liquids from freezing even when conditions are as cold as minus 94 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 70 Celsius). On Earth, naturally produced perchlorates are concentrated in deserts, and some types of perchlorates can be used as rocket propellant.

　　Perchlorates have previously been seen on Mars. NASA's Phoenix lander and Curiosity rover both found them in the planet's soil, and some scientists believe that the Viking missions in the 1970s measured signatures of these salts. However, this study of RSL detected perchlorates, now in hydrated form, in different areas than those explored by the landers. This also is the first time perchlorates have been identified from orbit.

　　MRO has been examining Mars since 2006 with its six science instruments.

　　"The ability of MRO to observe for multiple Mars years with a payload able to see the fine detail of these features has enabled findings such as these: first identifying the puzzling seasonal streaks and now making a big step towards explaining what they are," said Rich Zurek, MRO project scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California.

　　For Ojha, the new findings are more proof that the mysterious lines he first saw darkening Martian slopes five years ago are, indeed, present-day water.

　　"When most people talk about water on Mars, they're usually talking about ancient water or frozen water," he said. "Now we know there’s more to the story. This is the first spectral detection that unambiguously supports our liquid water-formation hypotheses for RSL."

　　The discovery is the latest of many breakthroughs by NASA’s Mars missions.

　　“It took multiple spacecraft over several years to solve this mystery, and now we know there is liquid water on the surface of this cold, desert planet,” said Michael Meyer, lead scientist for NASA’s Mars Exploration Program at the agency’s headquarters in Washington. “It seems that the more we study Mars, the more we learn how life could be supported and where there are resources to support life in the future.”

　　(reference:https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-today-s-mars)

第二篇：二战后欧洲经济

　　文章解析：

　　第一段：综述二战后各国经济的发展。(此段中出现很多细节性的对比数据，考查考生对杂乱的细节信息的收集与梳理能力)

　　第二段：战后经济发展的原因：马歇尔计划对欧洲经济发展的巨大推动作用，但是经济支援停止后，经济发展也陷入停滞。

　　第三段：战后经济发展的原因：政府在欧洲经济发展中起到的作用：支持私有化经济，维持经济的稳定性。

　　第四段：政府间的合作也对推动了经济的发展。

　　第五段：美国对于欧洲的经济援助停止后，当地的经济发展也陷入停滞，究其原因是没有有技术的工人操作现代化的机械。

　　注：马歇尔计划(The Marshall Plan)，又被称为欧洲复兴计划(European Recovery Program)，是第二次世界大战结束后美国对被战争破坏的西欧各国进行经济援助、协助重建的计划，对欧洲国家的发展和世界政治格局产生了深远的影响。该计划于1948年4月正式启动，并整整持续了4个财政年度之久。在这段时期内，西欧各国通过参加经济合作发展组织(OECD)总共接受了美国包括金融、技术、设备等各种形式的援助合计131.5亿美元。

　　TPO文章参考：

TPO文章中并没有涉及二战之后经济发展的文章，但是各位考生可以参考TPO 10-3 Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth. 这篇文章与24日真题都是研究某一特定时期的经济发展，并深入研究其发展的原因类的文章。

　　另外从最近的实战考试来说，经济类的文章考察也并不广泛，2015年6月出现过一篇economic prosperity in the Roman Augustan Age.

　　然而，关注欧洲体裁，尤其是欧洲历史方面的文章却频繁出现，如2015年真题曾出现过Europe in the High Middle Ages，Population Revolution in Eighteenth-Century Europe，Economic Decline in Europe during the Fourteenth Century，England’s Economy in the Sixteenth Century.甚至在2016年1月9日也出现了欧洲经济衰退内容的文章。历史类文章涉及特定的历史事件，背景相对我们熟悉的动物植物类较为陌生，专有词汇结合上下文不好把握，各位考生可以注意这些方面背景知识的积累。

第三篇：罗马的文化入侵

　　文章解析：

　　文章关注罗马文明在文化方面对于其他区域的影响。首先，拉丁语被广泛推崇，人们认为学习语言不仅是为了日常交流，更重要的是可以成为更好的人(当时人们对于罗马文化的推崇可见一斑)，语言的广泛传播的同时更推动了罗马文化和政治方面的深入影响。接下来阐述罗马建筑的影响，罗马在征服属地之后，影响当地的建筑风格，随后当地的建筑越来越罗马风。建筑除了装饰更重要的作用是用于政治和宗教聚会。随后记叙罗马民主意识的发展和传播。

　　TPO文章参考：

　　TPO07-3 Ancient Rome and Greece

　　TPO19-1 The Roman army’s impact on Britain

　　从体裁方面来看，文章属于历史大类中的文明/文化类体裁，与上述TPO19-1的文章较为相似。但24日的真题更加侧重于罗马在文化方面对于其他地区的影响，相对TPO19-1的文章角度更加抽象，不好把握。

　　文明/文化类文章在历史这一大类的文章中的难度可以算得上是最高级的，抽象的概念和大量专有名词使很多考生对这种类型的文章感到非常的恐惧。而在所有的文明/文化体裁的文章中，希腊和罗马文明又比较受考官青睐。除了上面列举的两篇文章，TPO还出现了TPO29-1 Characteristics of Roman pottery. 2015年涉及古罗马文明的真题文章包括：The Western Roman Empire in the Fifth Century，Economic prosperity in the Roman Augustan Age.对于这种高难度的文章，建议各位考生集中总结专有词汇，补充背景知识。

　　词汇题：

　　adequate-suitable

　　spurt-a sudden increase

　　assess-evaluate

　　suffice-be enough

　　founding-establishment

　　massively-extensively

　　unprecedented-unlike anything in the past

　　era-period

　　fragment-pieces

　　pragmatic-practical (此处有干扰项commercial容易错选，文章中下一句举例说明：比如和士兵进行商品买卖交易。如果考生根据文章内容进行推断，则易选commercial.对此笔者提醒考生：托福阅读部分词汇题的准备一定要以提升硬实力，即扩充自己的词汇量为主，结合文章推断存在风险)

　　除此之外，这次考试的文章依旧出现了3-5段的段落设置，这也意味着长段落继续攻陷着考生们脆弱的小心脏。为此，各位考生有必要研究长段落的解决方法并对长段落做集中的练习。笔者推荐两种方法：第一，考生对于长段子可进行段落-题目交互式阅读。第二，考生需要着重分析段落的结构和句间关系，然后分层次进行阅读与答题。

2016年1月24日大陆托福听力解析

对话1

　　教授问学生的暑假怎样过?学生说想留在学校，因为这里是hometown。学生希望教授给她个reference(此处reference意为推荐信，而非参考文献)。学生去年在教授去墨西哥时曾帮助教授照看房子。教授说，今年我也有个工作给你，做我的研究助理(research assistant)，去图书馆查资料。学生很开心，觉得有钱赚，又不耽误她找其他工作。最后教授让学生与秘书约时间，下次详谈。

工作场景是对话中经常出现的场景。

参考题目：P9高级讲义中的TEST 6-C2，TEST 7-C1，TPO 40-C2，35-C1，18-C1，17-C2，12-C2和6-C1.

　　讲座1

　　音乐史讲座，讲了madrigal(意大利牧歌)起源与发展。

　　教授说我们今天来讲madrigal，它不仅仅起源于意大利，也融合了其他地区但音乐。它是一个4-6人的合唱，分低中高声部。它是将诗人的诗歌配上音乐(set poem to music小黑板上举了一个诗人的例子)，用来传达诗歌中的情感(convey emotion)。不同的音乐能够表达不同的情感。而后madrigal发展的越来越复杂，不仅仅表达情感，增加了更多的戏剧性效果(more dramatic)。最后教授说，我这么说太抽象了，所以我给你们布置了作业，听CD。

　　背景资料补充：Madrigal在很多篇听力真题中都有涉及，因为它是16世纪欧洲世俗音乐(secular music)的代表。而听力题目中经常涉及文艺复兴时期艺术开始世俗化(secularization)的话题。这种世俗化体现在各种艺术形式当中，当然其中也包括音乐。

　　Madrigal的歌词(lyric)多是感伤或爱情内容的田园诗，室内复调音乐的风格。音乐家在写作牧歌时特别注重对诗文内容的表达，体现在音乐上就是“表情性”的加强。在16世纪后半叶，欧洲还出现了诗歌的情感与音乐的规则孰轻孰重的争论(音乐理论家Giovanni Artusi和作曲家Claudio Monteverdi的争论)。而后，牧歌更朝着描绘性(narrative)和戏剧性(dramatic)的效果发展，人文主义者(humanist)理想中的音乐在牧歌中逐步实现，而这一发展最终导致歌剧(opera)的诞生。

参考题目：P9高级讲义TEST 7-L2，TPO 12-L3.

其他音乐类讲座：TPO 16-L2，22-L4，25-L2，27-L2，30-L4，31-L2

　　讲座2

　　地质学讲座，讲的是遥感(remote sensing,)在地质学中的应用。

　　教授首先介绍了遥感技术，它是一种对物体的电磁波辐射，反射特性的探测，可以用来画地图等等。学生举例说我们家乡有个争论(controversy)，要不要建某新建筑，怕建了以后伤害湿地(wetland)。教授说，对，我们用遥感技术就可以用数据进行判断。教授还说这个技术还可以指导农业，因为植物也会反射不同的波长，可以帮助农民看肥料(fertilizer)使用的适不适合，因为肥料有好处也有坏处，一切看怎么用了。

　　这篇讲座是一篇典型的技术应用型讲座，首先介绍某种科学技术，而后介绍它的应用领域。此类结构的地质学讲座包括：P9高级讲义中的TEST 4-L2，以及TPO 1-L2，31-L2.

　参考题目：TPO 4-L3，7-L4，9-L3，15-L2，16-L1，TEST 9-L4

　　对话2

　　学生与学生活动指导员(director of student activities)的对话

　　学生的历史俱乐部(history club)策划了一个去Washington DC的旅行，指导员批准了他的旅行计划，让他填一个补充的表格(supplemental form)。然后学生提出，因为去的人比预想的多(more than expected)，所以他们需要更多的资金(funding)。他就想组织一个猜谜晚餐秀(mystery dinner show)，筹集一些钱(raise some money)。他想和戏剧俱乐部合作(drama club)，戏剧俱乐部写剧本，他们历史俱乐部演。案件是一个贵重的画丢了(a valuable painting gone missing)，观众(audience)要和同桌的人一起找出犯人。但指导员对他的计划提出了质疑，首先，他去哪找饭店合作，其次，他需要资金进行宣传(publicizing the event，get the word out)。男生说别担心，他已经找好了合作的饭店，而且他也做好了宣传预算(budget)。指导员最后被男生说服了，觉得这个活动虽然有挑战性(challenging)，但也有潜力(potential)。

组织学生活动也是对话经常考察的场景.

参考题目：P9教材TEST 3-C2，5-C2，8-C2，TPO 16-C1，23-C1，30-C1，42-C2.

　　讲座3

　　生物学，讲的是翼龙(Pterosauria)的翅膀。

　　教授说翼龙(Pterosauria)是种爬行动物(reptile)，尽管与恐龙(dinosaur)生活在同一时期，但它不是恐龙。它的翅膀(wings)与鸟类(bird)和蝙蝠(bat)都不一样，但又有部分相似处。翼龙(Pterosauria)的前臂和后肢拥有强有力的肌肉(muscle)，而且是膜翼翅膀(membrane)。但翼龙(Pterosauria)飞行时更像鸟类。翼龙(Pterosauria)的翅膀其实是由一根长长的手指支撑的(one finger)，像是支撑船帆的桅杆。但这个膜翼翅膀是连接在髋部还是脚踝(connected to hip or ankle)仍存在争议。目前证据表明是连接连接在脚踝上的，但证据并非十分明显，因为不知道骨骼(bone)的具体位置。

　　恐龙(dinosaur)是生物类讲座和地球科学类讲座都经常考察的话题。生物方面，经常考察通过化石(fossil)研究某种恐龙的习性或特点，如新陈代谢率(metabolic rate)，食物来源(food source)，哺育后代的行为(parenting behavior)等等。而地球科学类讲座，经常考察恐龙灭绝的原因和过程。

　　参考题目：TPO 27-L3，30-L2。

　　讲座4

　　考古学讲座，南亚马逊文明。

　　教授提到美洲有许多文明遗址(remain of civilization)，如玛雅(Mayan)，阿兹特克(Aztec)，印加(Inca)等，这些文明遗址出名，是因为其人口多(population)。但热带地区还没有文明遗址被发现。然后教授提到随着技术的发展，科学家发现了南亚马逊文明。那里土地贫瘠，耕地(arable farmland)很少，人们过着游牧生活(nomadic life style)。然后学生提问，这样的地方很难发展成人口众多的古文明吧?教授说，对，很多考古学家跟你有同样对想法，而后举了一位考古学家为例。而后学生说，为什么这里长久以来未被发现?教授说，这里对建筑，大部分是用木头做的，而非像其他文明用石头，所以很难保存下来(doesn’t preserve well)，除了他们使用的工具是用骨头做的，保存了下来。而后教授介绍了一块盆地叫亚马逊盆地(Amazon Basin)，说这个地方是季风性气候(monsoon)，一年几个月下雨，剩下的季节很干，有季节性的洪水。所以人们建造了很多小丘(mound)，可以在洪水来时登上去避险。后来这个文明逐渐崩溃(collapse)。现在仍有一些部落在这些小丘上生活。

考古学和人类学讲座是社会科学类最常考的话题之一。

参考题目：44-L3，1-L3，7-L3，14-L4，22-L1，23-L1，28-L4，29-L3，31-L4，32-L1，33-L1，35-L2，45-L1P9高级教材中的Test 1-L2，TEST 3-L3，TEST 5-L2，TEST 9-L1，TEST 10-L4。

2016年1月24日大陆托福口语解析

Task1

Which of the following community service would you be more interested in doing and explain why? Cleaning the city park, planting flowers and trees or build a bicycle lane?

　　(常规题目，本题历年一共出现6次，2010年1次，2012年1次，2013和2014年分别两次)

　　Sample answer:

　　Honestly, I’ll definitely go for planting trees and flowers because this is something that can actually comfort me mentally. I’ll just do it naturally and spontaneously without forcing myself to participate in those community works that I'm not really into. And eh, I can also switch up from the fast-paced life and try to find a sense of tranquility and chill out a bit. On top of that, by planting more greens, I'm actually doing something to protect our mother earth, even though it’s just a tiny step but still makes me feel a sense of achievement and that kinda feeling is indescribable. So I’ll definitely do it because i have a certain and stronger urge and interest of doing so rather than the other two.

Task2

Do you agree or disagree that the success of a school depends on experienced teachers?

　　Sample answer:

　　Alright, let’s back to life, back to reality, experienced teachers can not be the deciding factor to judge whether a school is good or not cuz experienced teachers have been teaching for so many years and they're probably tired of teaching the same old stuff over and over again and for the record, they are not as passionate as new teachers when it comes to teaching. In that case, a school should also hire some new faculty members in order to import some new blood so that students can benefit more from this change and the school, of course, is going to be a very successful school.

　　What’s more, advanced facilities like a spacious indoor gym with all sorts of equipments, fancy and cozy dorms with wifi, and a wider selection of school activities are also really crucial when it comes to the evaluation of a successful school.

　　Task 3

　　Reading: Student Letter, 建议学校应该在宿舍楼里放tea and coffee station, 因为节省时间又便宜

　　Listening: Woman agrees, 因为早上起不来，时间很紧，没有时间特意去买早餐。只有学校餐厅有茶喝咖啡，宿舍提供的话会更方便。然后是因为咖啡厅太贵，这样更省钱一些。

　　Sample Answer(Simple Version):

　　In this reading passage, the student proposes that the university should set some coffee and tea station in student dorms cuz that can be so time efficient and also saves students a lot of money.

　　In the conversation, the woman can’t agree more with this proposal for two reasons. The first reason is that it’s really hard for students to get up early in the morning and they are always in a rush and they don't have time for breakfast. It can be a whole lot easier for them to grab a nice cup of coffee in their dorm buildings and they don't have to go all the way to the dining hall. What’s more, it can also save them a lot of money from buying coffee and tea by doing so. Things in the coffee shop in our campus are always more expensive.

　　Task 4

　　Reading: 两种毫无联系的生物有可能在不同的环境下进化出相似的feature

　　Listening: 教授举了两种动物的例子。一个是非洲的长得像猪的生物，应该是platypus一个是澳洲的体型偏小的生物，应该是echidina. 它俩因为都吃一种昆虫，中种昆虫生活在很深很坚硬的mud里面，于是它俩都进化出了long sticky tongue，可以帮助它们从mud里面吃到虫子而活下来。

　　Sample Answer(Simply Version):

　　In this reading passage, it is talking about the animal evolution. After millions of years, animals are changed and evolved to the response of environmental development.

　　In the lecture, the professor gives one example of two animals to illustrate this theory. There is a pig like animal named platypus in Africa and a kind of small animal named echidna in Australia. They both have certain connection of eating the same insect living in the mud which can be so deep and hard. Overtime, they both develop very long and sticky tongues so that they can get the insects out of the mud to survive.

　　Task 5.

　　P: 男女要一起开车去看play，但是难得突然想起自己还有一门课，所以准备下周再去play. 但是这样女的就没有人开车带她了。

　　S1:女生可以开男神的车去。虽然有驾照，但是没有开车经验，不太敢，而且要去的地方也没开车去过。

　　S2:坐公交去，但是要花两倍时间，因为有很多站。

　　Sample Answer(Simply Version):

　　In this conversation, the woman is facing a problem that the man was supposed to drive her and company her to watch a play, but the man realized that he still got one class to go at the last min so that there would be no one to drive her to the play.

　　So here are two solutions for her. The first one is that the woman can drive the man’s car by herself. Another solution is the woman take a public transportation.

　　I think the woman should definitely choose the first solutions because it’s such an exhausting thing to take a bus, which may cause her a lot of energy and time and most improtantly, it is not the cool thing to do. Taking a public transportation to a play? shut up, no way. What’s more, life is too short to play it safe, she should definitely jump out of her comfort zone and take chances. it should be fun to do that.

　　Task 6.

　　Topic: Railroad对美国的贡献

　　一个是企业可以把东西卖到更多的地方。比如一个公司以前只能把生产的商品,应该是clock卖给当地的居民，但是修了铁路之后，他们就可以把东西运到全国，就可以卖给全国人民了。

　　第二个是可以运raw material比如coal. 美国南部没有煤，之前就没有工厂，因为需要煤provide energy，但是有了铁路，可以把其他区域的煤运过来，这样美国南部就多了很多工厂。

　　Sample Answer(Simply Version):

　　So in the lecture, the professor is talking about the contributions of railroad to America and also gives us two examples to illustrate it.

　　The first example is that the business can sell their products to a further place and get more revenue. Like in the past, the business which sells clocks can only sell its clocks to local people. Overtime, as the expansion of railroad, the business can deliver their clocks to the entire country and sell to more people.

　　Another example is to make it possible to transport raw materials like coal. In the south of America, there are no factories due to the missing of coals cause factories need energy provided by coals. As the expansion of railroad and coal utilization, which can transport coal from other regions to the south so that more and more factories can be built up there.

2016年1月24日大陆托福写作解析

综合写作：

　　wind turbines 风轮机

　　阅读总论点：在五大湖地区建风力发电是有经济/生态效应的

　　1.可以促进经济收益，促进就业

　　2.淡水可以减少对机器的维护费用

　　3.淡水可以循环，节约用水

　　听力总论点：反对

　　1.run the turbine 需要花很多钱，花销远远超过收益，总体不会增加经济收益

　　2.淡水在冬天容易结冰，对风轮机损坏严重，因此维修费不会降低反而会更高

　　3.风力机器需要在水中加入物质，会污染人们的饮用水源

独立写作：

In times of an economic crisis, in which area should governments reduce its spending? 1. Arts 2. Scientific research 3.Parks and public gardens.

　　During an economic crisis, governments face difficult choices of monetary allocation with reduced budgets. In this challenging time, it is of vital importance for policy-makers to recognize the effectiveness of policy-making on certain social services or programs such as arts, scientific research and park and public gardens. If a choice has to be made, in my opinion, the government should reduce its spending on arts.

　　To begin with, in times of an economic crisis, it is significant for policy-makers to recognize the necessity of investing in scientific research because it exerts a far-reaching effect. If the financial crisis leads to substantial cuts in funding for scientific research by governments, it will be difficult to muster investment for a public good, like clean air, or for extremely risky initiatives, such as novel approaches to new antibiotic drugs, or in areas where the outcome is uncertain. As a matter of fact, technological innovation, biomedical breakthroughs, and tackling pressing environmental issues all require sustained scientific development, from basic discovery to final application. Investing in research is investing in the future, and it requires a long-term commitment to the accumulation of knowledge, the testing of basic principles, and the translation of these discoveries into practical applications that impact everyday life. Consequently, governments ought to attach more importance to the scientific studies so as to develop world class research base and conduct crucial scientific projects.

　　Furthermore, funding for parks and public gardens provides an opportunity for people to engage in physical activities, which is considerably beneficial to health. Nowadays, due to the sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating diet, overweight and obesity are epidemic problems across the world, and related conditions are on the rise. A primary focus of attention is providing environment where people can be physically active. Parks offer such an opportunity. In addition, health studies have shown that people who do regular exercise get a range of benefits when they are in natural settings, like parks and public gardens. These benefits include reduced risk of premature death; reduced risk of heart disease, hypertension, cancer; improved maintenance of muscle strength; weight loss and favorable redistribution of body fat; improved physical functioning. Therefore, when governments allocate fiscal spending on parks such as well-designed and well-maintained paths as well as attractive scenery, people can substantially improve their health and quality of life by doing moderate amounts of physical activity in their daily lives.

　　Undeniably, if governments pay more attention to investment in art, people can enrich inner world as a diverse and productive cultural environment can provide the spirit and important intangible values. However, in times of crisis, people usually lay emphasis on basic needs instead of spiritual needs. As a result, the importance of material comforts outweighs that of nourishment for the mind and it does not mean that people’s quality of life will be dramatically affected if governments cut budget on art and provide less financial support on art institutions. In a sense, it will not directly influence people’s life at least in a short term because people rarely need to satisfy their aesthetic needs everyday. Therefore, compared with scientific research and park and public gardens, art is least associated with people’s daily life and it needs less concern.

　　From what has been discussed above, scientific studies serve the common interest of the entire human race and doing exercise in parks and public gardens constitutes an indispensable part of daily life. It is more applicable and reasonable to cut down spending on art in the times of an economic crisis.