2015年12月20日大陆托福解析

2015-12-23 13:11

来源：新东方哈尔滨学校国外考试部

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2015年12月20日大陆托福阅读解析

今日考试词汇题汇总如下：　　

duration = length	n. 持续期间
elaborate = complex	adj. 复杂的
enable = allow	v. 使能够
extract = remove	v. 移除
lucrative = profitable	adj. 获利丰厚的
margin = limit	n. 边缘、界限
pioneer = original	adj. 最早的、原始的
stimulate = encourage	v. 刺激、鼓舞
surplus = excess	n. 多余
in some degree = to certain extent	某种程度上

第一篇：

　　讲树木的年轮问题，通过同时比较生活在同一时间段同一地点同一物种的树木的年龄可以得出这个地区的降雨量气温之类的历史纪录;最后一段说的是可以通过年轮来得出气候变化情况，但是年轮会受各种因素影响，在气候比较harsh的时候甚至可能没有年轮长出来(有考点)所以用年轮推测气候变化不是很靠谱，但是如果说树木长在比较极端的环境下的话可能会受某一因素影响大一点，这种情况下可以通过年轮推测这个因素的变化。

解析：本文属于生物类文章，关注的是植物的特征年轮，背景知识是学员比较熟悉的内容。一个有趣的现象是，在2015年的最后一次考试里所使用的这篇文章在20151025ML的考试种已经出现过，不排除ETS在机经规律上有了更大胆的新尝试，是否如此需要后续考试来验证。

　　第二篇：

　　讲罗马帝国的经济发展的，罗马的发展和旺盛的需求带动了周边地区经济的发展，同时也带动了港口的发展;平均继承制使得地越分越少，所以更多的人迁徙到城市里，然后富裕的农场主们通过在郊区建立一些公共设施来提升自己的社会地位。最后说的是罗马城的发展也使得旁边的小城市衰落，因为富裕的农场主都希望在罗马里谋求一个更高的地位，所以就不会留下来建设小城市了。

解析：本文属于人文类文章，关注的是罗马帝国的发展，从机经来看本文主旨明确，结构清晰，分别讨论了罗马发展后对不同方面产生的影响，例如周边经济、人口聚集、港口发展等，初步可以判定重复的是20150627ML阅读第二篇。人文类文章在阅读中很常见，对学员较大的挑战也多在句法和概念理解方面，在备考时需要额外关注。

　　第三篇：

　　讲鸟类储存能量;鸟类通过储存食物或者脂肪来度过食物不充足的时期，但是这个只能缓解食物短缺，不能彻底解决这个问题;越小的鸟就越需要更多的能量来生长，储存能量难度也更大，特别举了一个例子是蜂鸟需要不停的进食;大的鸟储存能量多，并且不需要消耗太多能量去生长，所以储存的能量可以撑很长时间，但是大鸟有时候需要储存能量来迁徙或者繁殖。还说了有一些鸟会通过降低新陈代谢速率来减少能量消耗，类似于一种哺乳动物冬眠的状态，蜂鸟可能每天晚上 to some degree(词汇题)都会这样。

　　解析：本文属于生物类文章，关注的是鸟类储存能量的方式，并围绕这个现象的各方面要素进行展开，属于结构比较分散型的文章，同学们在阅读此类文章的时候，要额外关注每段各自的主要内容，以为最后一题做准备。同第一篇，本篇文章也是更为大胆的重复规律尝试，本文与20151212ML阅读第三篇重复。

2015年12月20日大陆托福听力解析

对话：学生服务场景

男生去订房间，找到facility的负责人，确认一下自己有没有成功的预定一个教室，后来发现系统上査不到，有可能是因为有人重复提交，总之不是前段时间电脑大面积瘫痪的原因;这个学生要在周五早上预定一个礼堂来举办讲座，后来想定个大点的能容纳40个人的，但是没有定成功，因为那个老师从芝加哥过来，时间很紧;负责人说可能原因是丢失了申请表，或者重复提交了两次导致了错误，后来学生说自己再去确认下能不能改时间，然后负责人说另外有个地方的房间应该可以容纳40个人，最后他们在另外一个建筑预定了礼堂。

　　讲座：社会科学

考古学。教授讲了两种方法来探寻古代人类的迁徙轨迹。先讲的是一个古代人种的迁徙，应该是波利尼西亚人的祖先;从台湾开始迁徙，第一步到菲律宾和印度尼西亚，第二步是到波利尼西亚和夏威夷;第二次间隔时间更长，是要等造船技术更成熟了才能迁移;通过比较语言，树和某种细菌的基因变化树可以追踪到迁徙的路径。

　　讲座：艺术

green roof。建筑讲座，讲芝加哥的屋顶花园。第一部分说了屋顶花园的概念，屋顶花园是种在屋顶的植物，可以调整屋顶温度和城市气候。屋顶花园分两种：一种是intensive的土有20inches，可以种不同种类的植物，另一种是extensive的土只有1到5inches，一般只能种一种植物，但是便宜。所以大部分人还是选择这种。第二部分说一些科学家的实践，在芝加哥见了一个，很先进，可以控制土的厚度，种了各种植物，灌木还有小树。教授自己去看过，感觉很梦幻，走在上面前一面还以为是公园，后一秒看到Horns什么的才想起来其实自己在屋顶。后来别的组织发现屋顶花园还是很好的动物的栖息地。最后教授说虽然很多人说屋顶花园这个项目很费钱而且很脆弱，但是他有这么多的好处，我们为什么不再多投入一点点。

　　对话：办公室场景

一个学生要去参加农业实习，所以不能上那个教授的课，但是他对那个教授的课很感兴趣，因为他是学农学的，写过一篇跟那个教授上的课程相关的小论文什么的。这门课同时也在网上有在线课程，学生问能不能通过在线课程学习这门课，教授说在线课程只针对不能来上课的同学，并且在线课程需要很强的自制力，以及在线课程相对于在学校里上课开说反馈比较慢;然后老师又问了一下学生的这个农业实习的具体情况，教授非常感兴趣，说如果你能在实习的时候同时能够完成一些我布置给你的project还有assignment也可以，后来教授同意这个学生跟上他做一个research project, 给了他一些文献去看，同时让他下载一个表格填完之后交。

　　讲座：自然科学

天文学。exoplanet的发现，两种方法是radical velocity,大概就是一个微扰方法，有点电动力学里面变加速运动的粒子回旋同步辐射的意思;这个方法发现了一个大的太阳系外行星，比木星大好几倍;中间有个女生问说恒星应该比行星大很多倍，为什么行星可以影响恒星，然后老师解释说是radical velocity; 第二个方法是观察恒星亮度变化，如果行星离恒星近的话甚至可以通过光谱学方法判断行星上有什么元素。

　　讲座：艺术

　　电子音乐。教授先问大家有没有去最近刚演出完的音乐会，然后说一些学生说去听了电子音乐会，然后讲他们的感受;音乐会是个电子音乐会，乐队成员都是拿电脑演奏。男生意思是那不是真正的musician，持一个消极态度，女生意思持积极态度，好像有个半圆形话筒，有个什么特殊功能。还提到了这个电子乐队的人互相之间会用电子邮件交流，并且他们确实是在现场演奏，不是提前录好的;教授觉得它还是有它的意义所在的，因为大多数这种表演都是即兴的，另外这样的电子音乐会也是要看技术的，这是一个全新的方式，有可能以后会很流行，这样的表演者有的是艺术家，有的只能配称作电脑编程员，总之教授也持一个比较正面的态度。

　2015年12月20日大陆托福口语解析

Task 1

　　Which one of the following volunteer work would you prefer doing? Tutoring children, driving senior citizens around or teaching adults to read?

I would choose to drive senior citizens around for the following reasons. Firstly, senior citizens are the group of people that need our help the most. Take my grandfather for example, he’s 86 years old and he loves getting out of the house, he especially enjoys going to a café downtown where he meets with his friends regularly. But sometimes it can be really challenging for him, like last week it was snowing for like 3 days and it was icy on the ground outside, so he couldn’t go anywhere, he was so upset that he was stuck at home. But if there were volunteers to drive him to places he wants to go, he wouldn’t have had to suffer. Plus, it’s nice to spend some time with senior citizens. Some young people but find it dull to talk to the elderly, but I always enjoy chatting with them, my grandfather for instance can always bring interesting topics to the table and he always cracks me up.

　　Task 2

　　If there’s something you want to buy, do you prefer saving money yourself to buy it or ask someone to borrow some money to buy it?

I would definitely save money myself to buy what I want for the following reasons. First of all, I always think things can go a little awkward between friends when there’s money involved. Take myself as an example, when I was in college I borrowed some money from my roommate to buy a laptop I really needed. At first I thought we were really good friends so it would be no problem as long as I could pay him back in 3 weeks, but after like 4 days, my roommate wanted me to pay him back because he needed to go on a school trip, of course I couldn’t pay him back right away and he got mad at me. Things went pretty awkward since then and I was really embarrassed. So now if there’s something I wanna buy, I would definitely save money myself. Plus, most of my friends are students just like me, we still rely on our parents, so it would be irresponsible to borrow money from our friends just to buy something we want, it’s better to get a part-time job and save some money ourselves.

　　Task 3

　　题目回忆：

　　学生建议设置电子布告栏，因为很多学生经过，而且校园会更整洁。听力女生不同意，因为不是每个人都会经过那里，比如关于一个show如果只有图书馆张贴信息她就会错过。另外电子布告太慢了，大家还是喜欢看张贴的信息。

The student proposes that the university should have an electric bulletin board due to two reasons. The first reason is that students pass by the bulletin board every day. And the second reason is that the university will look much tidier and much cleaner. In the conversation, the woman disagrees with the proposal. Her first reason is that not everyone passes by the bulletin board every day. She once saw a poster about a show on campus, but if the information was only posted in the library, she wouldn’t have been able to know about it. As for the second reason, she mentions that many students will think it’s too slow to read information posted on the electric bulletin board, posters are much more convenient.

　　Task 4

　　题目回忆：阅读讲了shaping这个概念，意思是小孩在学习技能时会观察周围人的反应，人们可以利用这个特质。教授说自己孩子涂色的例子，一开始涂成什么样子都表扬，后来涂在树上才表扬，逐渐提高要求，最后要涂到树上才表扬。

In the lecture, the professor introduces the concept of shaping which means children observe the reaction of people around them when they learn a new skill, parents and teachers can better educate the children based on this quality. He offers us an example of his kid to illustrate it. When his kid just started coloring, he got praises and compliments despite of the quality of his work. After a while, the professor changed the strategy. Not like before, this time he only praised his kid when he was able to color the tree, he gradually raised the bar and his child started improving little by little as well. And now the professor only tells his kid that he’s doing a good job when he’s able to color the trunk of the tree. That’s how the professor uses the example of his own child to illustrate the concept of shaping.

　　Task 5

　　题目回忆：女生论文选择了American landscape作为论文话题，但和别人重了。她可以坚持自己的话题，因为她很了解又喜欢，但是如果话题重复presentation的时候大家会觉得有点无聊。也可以换成folk art这个话题，老师本来也希望大家学习新的东西，但是所有内容都要重做。

The woman’s problem is that she chose American landscape as the topic of her presentation, unfortunately someone else chose the exactly same topic. There are two possible solutions. The first solution is to stick to this topic. And the second solution is to change her topic to folk art. If I were in her shoes, I would choose the first solution. Because as she mentions in the conversation, she’s really interested in American landscape and she knows a lot about it, so even if someone chose the same topic, I’m sure she will still be able to do a great job. I personally don’t recommend the other solution, because choosing a different topic means that she will have to do everything about the presentation from scratch, it’s too much work and a lot of time will be wasted. That’s why in this case, I think the first solution is a better option.

　　Task 6

　　题目回忆：灌溉的两个缺点，其中一个是过度灌溉会造成土壤过度湿润，产生大量菌类影响植物，另一个是盐分太多，有些地区下雨少，湖水盐分大，也会影响植物生长。

　　In the lecture, the professor talks about two disadvantages of irrigation. The first one is that plants won’t grow properly when there’s too much water. Take soil growing plants like melons as an example, when the soil gets too wet, fungus starts to form, and it will keep melons from growing properly. That’s why the whole irrigation system has to be designed carefully to avoid this problem. The second disadvantage is that in low-rainfall areas, salt builds up in lakes, when there’s too much salt in water, it will be harmful to plants as well.

　2015年12月20日大陆托福写作解析

综合写作:

READNING	LISTENING
Alaska whales 和Iceberg属于两种不同的种类
1两种动物的颜色不太一样	1 由于海藻本身有色差，加之在不同的季节颜色不一样，所以被其覆盖的whale看起来会darker一些；同时观察时节不一样，也影响了观察的结果。
2 生存的水域不一样	2 两种动物的饮食习惯不一样：一种喜欢吃mammals, 故原地不同；另一种喜欢吃fish，故被Russia海域的鱼吸引走了。
3 年龄不一样	3 用fin测年龄不靠谱。在20岁之后，fin就停止生长了。所以，实际年龄会比估计的年龄大一些。

独立写作:

　　Out of the following three things, which one would you prefer to regulate in order to improve your health? 2012.1.13NA/2012.11.2ML

　　1. The kind of food you eat

　　2. The amount of exercise

3. The amount of stress in your life

　　Modern society has turned humans into curious creatures. Our ancestors were highly active thanks to their hunter-gatherer lifestyle; they ate fairly balanced diets due to the limited availability of fats and simple carbohydrates; and they relied on stress as a survival mechanism that kept them alert during intermittent periods of danger. Now, many of us spend upwards of 8 hours a day sedentary at our jobs; we eat unbalance diets of pre-prepared foods in order to save time; and we are constantly stressed due to a never-ending bombardment of stressors coming from our contemporary lifestyle. Managing all three things--diet, exercise, and stress--would be a daunting task for anyone, so if I had to pick one thing to improve my health, it would probably be exercise.

　　To begin with, exercise is much easier to manage than both your diet and your stress. In order to manage your diet effectively, need to reduce or eliminate certain foods you enjoy eating, as well as create a comprehensive plan that balances your intake of different nutrients like proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. This is too much for most people, which explains the prevalence of "fad diets" that involve, for example, only eating a single type of food; these diets rarely ever work, and can even be dangerous. Managing stress is similarly difficult, because there are so many potential stressors to account for (work, kids, bills, etc.) and it may not be plausible to try and manage all of them. Exercise, on the other hand, can be effective even when simple. Take running: This exercise requires no forethought and can be done pretty much everywhere by pretty much everyone, yet carries a laundry list of health benefits ranging from boosting the immune system to lower the risk of breast cancer.

　　Also, exercise has the scientifically measurable benefit of improving mood. When we perform physically demanding activities such as running, the brain releases a rush of endorphins that produces feelings of euphoria. From an evolutionary perspective, this is a neurological reward that encourages us to run and be healthy--we're basically built to be runners. If you can incorporate running (or some similar form of exercise) into your weekly routine, you'll notice your mood improve almost immediately. And there's also another, indirect way exercise improves mood: When you're fit, you feel much better about yourself. I don't just mean in the narcissistic way, either-- knowing that you're exercising is just a good feeling.

　　Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, exercise can lead to both better eating habits as well as lower overall stress. Exercise is in fact an excellent way to manage stress, and is recommended by medical authorities as a way to strengthen the brain's buffers against it. It is even recommended by doctors for treating depression. This stress reduction from exercise can in turn lead to better food choices, since stress is an major contributor to poor eating habits, and eating healthy is much easier when you're feeling good about yourself. Anyone who's reached for junk-food during a stressful situation can tell you that.

　　Obviously, diet, exercise, and stress management are all important for living a healthy life. However, if you had to choose only one, I'd say that exercise wins out when it comes to getting the most bang for your buck.