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2015年12月5日大陆托福解析
2015-12-08 15:07
来源:新东方哈尔滨学校国外考试部
作者:
2015年12月5日大陆托福阅读解析
机经词汇:
supplement=add to
exclusively=solely
anxious=worry
enduring=lasting
erase=eliminate
culminate=end
exploit=use
initiate=start
emergence=appearance
autonomous=independent
第一篇
考生回忆:本文讲的是照片的发展史。
第一段讲了照片是使用D技术摄制的,这项技术因为反应了自然的真实而被人们所喜爱。在乡村地区,不同的个体都是独干,因此照片的质量也不尽相同。对比之下,城市地区出现了一些像照相馆一样的地方。
第二段,D发展成了另外一种PPW,它解决了D只能在屏幕上展现一张照片的局限性。正因为可以展现多张照片,所以可以解决不同的家庭成员对不同照片的需求。
第三段和第四段,既然PPW可以解决不同家庭成员的需求,相应地,也就可以解决不同社会的焦虑。人们可能无法适应社会的发展,而照片就把社会上的各种各样的人呈现出定个的样子,就像古时代的社会画像一样。人们可以把那些遇到的陌生人转化成他们所熟悉的一个模式来了解。
第五段,有一个商人A在城里开了一个画廊,里面展览了很多名人的照片。很多人来到这个地方,因为她们希望通过观看名人的likeness来发现他们的内在。这个画廊也因为人们也因为人们的喜爱被不断迁徙到更好的位置。这个商人A也觉得自己牛逼得不行了。
第六段,商人A也邀请了一些政界领导人为他们拍照并且挂在画廊里。政界人士也觉得特别可以,觉得这是一个自我推销。而人民也觉得他们可以通过照片来了解领导人,看看她们说的那些政策是否可以贯彻。另外人们也可以把它们看到的那些品质作为自己的目标。
解析:本文围绕着在照片的发展史进行讨论。与植物学相关的话题是托福阅读的常客,也是学生们比较陌生的题材。学生在备考的时候需要提前准备与摄影相关的词汇,以免在阅读的过程中由于词汇的问题导致阅读准度下降和速度变慢。推荐阅读TPO21的The Birth of Photography。
第二篇
考生回忆:主要讨论的是城镇与乡村。
第一段,在某个时候的欧洲,地主控制着土地和经济。但是这个时候,城镇也确实已经存在,它和村庄的区别不在于人数多少,而在于其他方面。
第二段,这一段说了城镇的几个特征。人口密度大,贸易收入在总收入中也占一定能够比例。再就是有一个特征说了一大段,大概的意思是村庄可能有也可能没有这个特征,但是城镇是一定有。但是不能作为却分城镇和乡村的依据。此外,还有一些建筑物也是区分两者的依据。
第三段,有一些学者补充它们不同点。如某某系统,严格的法律。
第四段,说到了城镇的发展扎姻,分为北欧和南欧。北欧就是很正常的数量变多的城市扩大。但是在南欧,城镇的数量确没有增加。总体人数的增加来源于有移民搬去了旧的聚集地。
第五段,城镇的经济发展。说了一个地主控制一个区域,但是这个地主其实不住在这里。所以就造成了一个现象。这个现象分为南欧和北欧来展开。在北欧有三足鼎立,又相互制约。记不清楚时不时说领主没有什么话语权。但是在南欧,虽然也是三足鼎立,可以领主也有一定话语权。权利也是逐渐地向其他组织转移的。
解析:本文是城市化发展史的一篇文章。相关话题的文章多次在考试出现。与历史学以及地质学相关的文章在托福阅读文章非常常见。同样地,学生在做题之前应该先熟悉相关的词汇。从结构上看,本文文章主旨明确,结构清晰。从第二段开始,每段首句即为topic sentence的可能性较高。
第三篇
考生回忆:讨论采集到种植的发展,就是原始社会向农业社会的改变。科学家发现一个非常有趣的现象,就是N处的人突然从移动的采集生活转向了固定的种植生活。更奇特的是,这些现象都同时发生在不同的地方。所以科学家觉得这肯定有共同的原因。
然后答案是气候变化。一共有两次变暖。第一次是小冰河时期的结束,大地回春。一些谷物类和裸子植物开始躲起来,生长出来的种子也更多。并且这个因为温度升高,这些鼓舞都可以往更高纬度的地方种植。也就是为N人提供了一个可以居住的生活条件,因此他们不用到处采集就可以获得足够的植物。最后,地中海附近形成了地中海气候,这个气候也形成了这里的人的独特的生活方式。地中海气候冬季温暖湿润而夏季炎热干燥。所以就有一种植物,在春季结果,夏季休眠。,人就在春季采集够小麦,剩下的时间就吃采集的小麦。
第二次是全球的变暖。这次气候更加干旱,食物的短缺本来应该让N人继续回到迁徙的生活。可是他们不愿意,因为他们已经习惯定居的生活,不愿意再到处漂泊了。所以他们就开始种植这些他们采集的食物,因为这些食物本来就是种子。
解析:本文讨论了某个民族从原始社会向农业社会发展的原因。"现象-成因"讨论的文章在TPO中多次出现。同学们在阅读此类文章的时候,要注意分清每个段落中不同信息之间的相互关系。通常段落主旨出现在段首,而后面的内容都是对主旨的展开。建议对相关话题感兴趣的同学们可以阅读TPO21的The Origins of Agriculture。
2015年12月5日大陆托福听力解析
对话办公室场景
老师找学生希望他能换一个research做presentation,因为己经有三个学生选了同样的题目。学生有点不情愿,因为他觉得原来选的bird很有意思,就说这个动物的头脑很灵活,不仅能够mimic人说话,而且可以用声音表达一些意愿,可以对sound还是color进行分类,这里有个问题说为什么提到颜色。学生又问为什么它这么厉害呢,这个男生表示己经被这个research吸引了,说我在做presentation的时候可以放这个动物说language的视频吗?教授说
用 language 不准确,要用 meaningful sound。
讲座艺术
讲的是一种和当时traditional religious艺术不符的一种绘画艺术。产生的原因是当时king太小就让他的一个亲戚帮助管理,这位亲戚就非常喜欢beauty什么的,就是洛可可这种风格。这种风格比较注重details, 而且lighthearted描述日常生活。讲了具体的 —个画家例子,他主要画粉笔画和油画,不像别人一样粉笔画就是瞎画画,他的粉笔画画的也是细致的成品,很mysterious。接着说油画也很神奇,画了很多的party等(这时出来一幅画)就根据画的内容讲了一下有多轻松和细致。这画家也画了很多的dancer,因为她原来在剧院待过认识很多这样的人。
讲座生命科学
—开始就是原来讲的都是两个生物negative,影响一个破坏另一个。这次就说说共同发展的吧,就是yucca moth和yucca plants。这种植物需要moth帮忙散播种子进行生存繁衍。蜜蜂为什么不能pollinate呢?因为这植物太粘了,只有这moth可以。moth把eggs放在植物叶子上,小moth只能吃植物的种子不然就饿死。这时候有一个学生就confused了,他说如果moth在少量叶子上产大量eggs那植物不就被吃光啦?教授说了这植物也是挺机智的。如果一片上有太多eggs它就会drop然后大量的eggs活不了了。所以说为了提髙生存率moth不会这样做的。
对话学生服务场景
学生想知道运动队啥时候活动,这样她就可以在操场空闲时间独自练习了,回答是去website看看,运动队活动时间经常变可以网上看,然后提到运动鞋(提到两种鞋,哪种更好?)回答是说因为这种跑道x鞋好,跑道换了。一个是为了循环利用,一个是更耐用。老师说你听着比较专业,为啥不加入运动队?她说她刚转过来事比较多,喜欢自己跑,老师建议可以参加晨跑,这样比较自由,没有课的时间都可以参加。学生觉得是个好主意。
讲座社会科学
一开始就出来一张图说我们讲这个Viking,据记载Viking并不好。教授说了其实不是这样的。很多人看不惯他们然后会有偏见,其实Viking就是一个bridge,它处于一个新旧时代交替时候,它作
为trader把东西什么的传遍欧洲,我们怎能知道这些的呢?通过sagas!sagas被认为不准确因为他们是在Viking时期结束后200年才写的。之前都是口头传送,但是这些saga其实还挺准的。上面提到了一个地方 (在地图上位置在Viking西边)然后研究表明这个地方的确有过人因为cooking的痕迹什么的,为什么没人了呢?太isolated了毕竟不能从遥远地方运东西过来,这是来证明saga挺准确的。
讲座自然科学
板块运动,讲述了一下板块运动的定义,就是地幔上面那一层,有各种各样的组成,在地壳运动中主要说了大陆分裂学说。举了欧洲和非洲的例子,还有南美和北美,最开始是一整块,后来慢慢就分开了。这样的分裂一半会形成海底盆地,但因为在盆地sea floor上所以很难研究。所以科学家找了个好研究的就是ice land。这里举了个例子,x African basin,因为这个basin地貌形成过程都很缓慢,然后就很震惊有一个地方居然移动超快,我们竟然可以观察到它的移动,就成两半了。最后对盆地的形成过程进行了说明。这是由于地震造成的,首先北边地震了然后似乎过了一段平静期然后地震跳到南部去了。然后就有lava出来了到裂缝中去了,后来lava冷却了就变成前文中提到的什么东西了。
2015年12月5日大陆托福口语解析
Task 1
Which one of the following jobs deserves a higher salary? Teacher, policeman or nurse?
Personally speaking, I think policemen should get paid more money than the others for two reasons. Firstly, policemen face higher risks when at work. Police officers today are confronted with all sorts of problems, from petty theft to horrifying homicides. When we read newspapers or watch TV today, we can see police officers get hurt or even get killed in a lot of extreme cases. Just last month, 3 French policemen were fatally wounded in the terrorist attack. So it’s only fair and naturally policemen get paid more. Plus, policemen usually work way much harder. My neighbor used to be a policeman before he retired. It seemed like he was always at work. He always arrived home late and sometimes he was on call for 48 hours in a row. That’s why I think policemen deserve a higher salary.
Task 2
Should students be required to do volunteer work?
I think students should be required to do volunteer for the following reasons. Firstly, it’s important for students to learn to give back to the community at an early age. I first started volunteering when I was only 8 years old, I remember it was right before Christmas and my parents signed us up for volunteering in the soup kitchen in my neighborhood. I was the youngest volunteer there that day and I used a big ladle to serve hot soup to the homeless. That was kind of a milestone in my life because that was when I understood the importance of sharing what we have with the less fortunate and I also realized how good it feels when we know we are capable of helping others. Today volunteer work has become a big part of who I am and I think all students should learn the meaning of volunteering from an early stage of life. Plus, it’s a good chance for students to sharpen their communication skills. In volunteer work, more often than not, you will have to work with others in a group, that’s a good opportunity for students to learn to be great listeners while getting their own voices heard at the same time.
Task 3
The university is planning to move the theater off-campus due to two reasons. The first reason is that the theater now is way too small to accommodate the increasing number of students. And the second reason is that much better facilities can be offered in the new theater. In the conversation, the student disagrees with the plan. His first reason is that the location of the theater is extremely important for students. Most of them are reluctant to go downtown because it’s so inconvenient. As for the second reason, the student points out that students are already used to deal with the equipment they have now, they’re not trained to cope with fancier facilities, and it may not work out that well as expected in the end.
Task 4
In the lecture, the professor talks about the concept of information cascade which means people tend to follow others and make the same choice as them in spite of their own opinions when having to make a decision. He offers us an example to illustrate it. Once he went to a city he had never been to and he had to make a decision about where to have dinner. At first he wanted to go to an Italian place which was highly recommended by his guide book. But he noticed that one of the French restaurants was full of customers, so he decided to give it a try. Unfortunately it was not a very good experience, the food was worse than he expected and the restaurant couldn’t be compared to the Italian restaurant he wanted to go at first. It was full of customers probably because they all thought it was good because others chose to go there.
Task 5
The woman’s problem is that she got injured last week and she can’t perform in the dance. There are two possible solutions. The first one is to dance anyway and the second solution is to find someone to replace her. If I were in her shoes, I would go for the second solution because Beck is a great dancer, even though she’s not in the class and there’s little time to learn, I’m sure she can grasp the moves pretty quickly. I personally don’t recommend the other solution because the choreography will look weird and it may compromise the whole performance. That’s why in this case, I think the second solution is a better option.
Task 6
In the lecture, the professor talks about fish’s abilities to avoid predators. He offers us to examples to illustrate it. The first example is about zebrafish. Zebrafish have small hair cells under their membrane to help them detect predators in water. They can sense where the predator is by the water flow. The second example is about trout. Trout can stay still in flowing water. They can keep breathing while hiding under water. That’s how the professor uses these two examples to illustrate it.
综合写作:
READNING |
LISTENING |
罐头食物里的Lead是否导致了英国船员的死亡 |
|
1罐头用Lead封装,但是它不会进到食物里面 |
1工人甶于工作时间紧张,压力大,会粗心,导致密封不好 |
2当时其他轮船没有报告Lead导致的现象 |
2其他船员没有这个情况是因为没有检查或者没有报告,因为铅灰引起一些很常见的病,比如感到疲劳,头疼。船员可能忽略了 |
3还有其他更有可能的来源,比如净化水系统的管道也是由铅做的 |
3铅管道的净化系统是给船发动机供水的,和喝的水不是相同的方式 |
独立写作:
Do you agree or
disagree with the following statement: Government, instead of individuals,
should cover Internet fees.
Despite the huge
impact of the Internet, as a convenient tool for educational, vocational and
recreational purposes, offering free Internet access should be viewed as a
short-sighted, ill- considered proposal. For both personal and commercial
concerns, Internet with no charges will inevitably bring about unexpected
fallout. Therefore, I hold my point that under no circumstances should the
government provide free Internet access for the public.
First, for the users
of Internet, free of charge means declination of quality. So limited is the
total bandwidth of Internet access, that more computers and phones connected to
the Internet means slower speed for each individual user. Now, as Internet
could be available only after payment, those unwilling to spend money on the
Internet leaves fairly enough bandwidth for the registered users. However, were
Internet free of charge for citizens, almost everyone, whether with urgent or
irrelevant aims, would have connected to the Internet for 24 hours 7 days.
Then, without doubt, so many citizens watching online videos, downloading
large-scale softwares or chatting via video cam with more than 10 friends, the
Internet must be slower than those using a primitive 14.4k modem. So, for the
rights to access fast enough Internet, government should never make it free.
Second, for the
businesses providing Internet access, free Internet services will ruin their
future. As Internet become an essential part for people's life, many companies
working on offering fast, stable Internet access become strong business
tycoons. For instance, Vodafone, one of the largest Internet service provider,
has established 14 branches in different countries and recruited over 1.4
million employees. However, were free Internet service emerged, what would
probably happen to these fast-growing business? Internet users, finding ways to
download music or send voice mails without any charge, will soon abandon these
Internet business sending bills to them every month. Then, not only such
business would go bankruptcy, all the staff would thus become unemployed, which
could be a huge economic and social disaster for government.
In conclusion, both
considering the privileges for Internet users and the destiny of Internet
service providers, I strongly believe that government should never try to make
Internet access free.
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