口语第一题：

NO.1

学校组织学生去社区做公益活动，其中有三项任务可选，1）清洁那些litter和transh， 2）在公园种树和花， 3）给小朋友们讲环保知识什么的。

NO.2

Talk about an important decision that you have made. Explain why this decision was important for you in details.

 

NO.3

If you can have a part-time job at the university, what position would you choose; a lab assistant, a campus tour guide, or a library assistant? Why?

NO.4

Talk about your favorite book when you were a child. Explain in details why you liked to read it.

NO.5

Describe a memorable experience in a restaurant or cafe. 

NO.6

描述一个参加过的活动，你是否认为每个人都have a good time？

NO.7

Imagine that you have to stop using cell phone for a month. Would that be difficult for you?

NO.8

Your friend has been offered a job that's far away from his hometown. Do you think he should take it or not? Give specific reasons and details to support your response. 

NO.9

Describe a news article or a story that you are interested in recently. Explain why you think it was interesting. (Include reasons and details in your response.)

NO.10

Which one will you learn: play a piano, swim, or repair a car?

NO.11

 Your community center now offers classes on the weekends for free. Which of the following class will you choose to take? Give reason to explain your choice. 1) A financial course to help you manage money, 2) Car maintenance and repair, 3) Review of Latin-American music. 

NO.12

Students join different clubs in universities, such as science club, hiking club, etc. Which one are you interested in?

NO.13                          

Describe one benefit of using the internet.         

版本二

Talk about how cellphone has changed people's lives. Explain your answer in details.

NO.14

Who should be paid more: a nurse, a teacher, or an officer?

NO.15

有一大堆事情需要做，怎么办

NO.16

If one of your friends is always late for events and appointments, can you give some suggestions and advice to help him not be late next time?

NO.17

Describe an important decision that you have made.

NO.18

自己和别人不一样的学习方法。

                                   

口语第二题：

NO.1

大城市是否禁止私家车？

NO.2

Do you agree or disagree with the statement that it’s important for students to study Art and Music in school. Explain your answer in details.

 

NO.3

Do you agree or disagree with the statement that the most important class can't be taught in the classroom?                  

 

NO.4

你是否会一直表达你的真实意见，即便你知道这个意见可能不被认同。key words: honest opinion.

　　 it is always good to maintain honesty?

　别人不同意你还坚持说实话吗

 

NO.5

Some people think that businesses and industries need to be developed, even if the development of them affects the environment. Other people think that environment needs to be protected from the development of businesses and industries. What do you think?

NO.6

Some people speak out in class. Others prefer to listen and quietly observe. Which do you think leads to greater success in school? Why?

NO.7

Do you agree or disagree with the statement that process is more important than result.

NO.8

Some students prefer to take a test where they must write an essay to a question. Other students prefer to take a test with objective questions. Which type of exam question do you prefer? Give reasons and examples in your explanation. 

NO.9

Do you agree or disagree that teachers should encourage students to have discussions during class? Give specific reasons and details in your response. 

NO.10

Technology devices distance people far more now than before.lz 本来准备的是shorten，原以为题目也是shorten，最后发现是想法的，但是都已经表达了观点。所以就即兴发挥了。希望不要太差。

NO.11

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement and give reasons: Parents should not allow their children to participate any form of sports (football, basketball, ice hockey...) in order to protect their health from any form of injury.

NO.12

Finding a place to live near campus. Option 1: a house to share with several other students; Option 2: an apartment to live alone.

NO.13

 版本一：现代人的生活方式比一百年前的人的生活方式健康？

Do you agree with the statement: it is easier for people today to lead a healthy life than it is for people of 100 years ago.            

版本二：

When traveling, do you prefer to stay at one place for a long time or spend less time and visit more places? Explain your answer in details.

NO.14

Some universities expect students to choose their major when they first enroll. Others let students wait until the second or third year. Which do you think is better and why?

NO.15

Do you like to go to the city or the countryside for vacation?

NO.16

Which one you think is better: Some teachers want students to sit in the same seats throughout the whole semester. Other teachers think students can choose their own seats each time and sit in different seats. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

NO.17

Some schools require music and art classes, while some don’t. What is your opinion?

NO.18

喜欢去小商场还是大商场。

口语第三题：

NO.1

阅读：一个校报letter说一个学生提意见说图书馆家具沙发太烂要求换新的，理由是大家经常去图书馆学习希望more relaxing 更舒适

听：女生反对，说太relaxing反而不利于学习，因为太舒服了很容易就没心思学习了，光休息了。她建议说换家具不如多装一些电门，因为学生都是带laptop去的，经常不够用。这个更necessary

 

NO.2

一学生写信申请图书馆让用手机cellphone，女生反对，理由1:低声说话对方听不见，大声势必noise理由2:急事可以出去打电话，check message   

 

NO.3

学校调整住宿政策，大一只和大一住，因为大一新生之间要多了解交流，并且学校提供不混住的宿舍会吸引到更多学生。对话中女生觉得这样很没必要，因为：1新生已经有很多机会相互了解了，比如活动什么的，而且他们很多课都一起上；2很多学生喜欢混住的宿舍，包括包括她就是被这种mixed type吸引的，因为前辈可以给他们经验和建议。

NO.4

阅读:a letter about humanistic study lounge

听力：男的说真不错，这样就不用浪费时间了，不用跑多个地方去上课了，来去各10分钟， 课间30分钟，如果有了这个，就可以在一个地方不用跑了。另外，有的课很难，有助于学生们交流提供一个场所，比如Hamlet很难，找不到同学讨论，如果有lounge 就不一样了，可以在一起讨论解决。

NO.5

学校计划不再免费提供打印材料，并限定每个学生每个月只能打印100张。理由1、浪费纸张太多。理由2、打印机经常卡纸。                            

 女生不同意：一，研究论文过程中打印的纸张不能算作浪费；打印机卡纸是因为机器本身太旧。

NO.6

The university should sponsor organized bus trips for 1st year students.

1. 1st year students generally don't have a car.

2. Seniors are more familiar with the city.

The woman thinks it is a good idea. First, the city is far from campus and no public transportation is available. Second, because there is no bus, she hasn’t figured out the time and place for the music concerts.

NO.7

阅读里说学校决定取消夏天的早餐服务，因为吃饭的学生不多，而且想吃的人也可以到附近的咖啡厅吃早餐。听力里女生不同意，因为很多学生夏天也会在校上课，需要早餐提供体力，另外去其他咖啡厅吃早餐价格太贵。

NO.8

Reading: Proposal of selling snack and drinks in the campus bookstore.

Reasons:

1. It provides students with food and drinks when they are finding books to read.

2. Students may get hungry during class breaks.

Listening: Disapproval

1. Students may spill drinks on books and ruin them. Some of the books are expensive.

2. There is already a convenience store in campus close to the building where classes are held. Students are unlikely to go to the other side of campus to buy food from the bookstore.

NO.9

版本一：文中说下学期开始，学生将不被允许在学生活动中心外面的墙上张贴海报，因为海报使建筑难看，海报可以贴在餐厅的海报栏里。女生不认同，她说如果不给贴，那个建筑就会变的很boring，就是光秃秃的水泥墙，海报使建筑看上去有艺术感，使它具有性格和个性，海报常常变化，也使得建筑不那么沉闷。关于海报贴在餐厅外，女孩说不是所有人都在餐厅吃饭，课后有的人吃点零食，有的在外面吃从家带来的饭，这样的话，他们就看不到贴在餐厅外的海报，可能会错过很多   

版本二：

【Proposal】

The university will prohibit students riding bicycles on campus next semester. 

【Reasons】 

1. There were some minor accidents. The university will reduce the rate of accidents caused by riding bicycles. 

2. Students can take the free campus buses without any negative effects.

Listening 

The girl disagrees. 【Reasons】 

1. The accidents took place at night because of low visibility.  

2. Free buses are inconvenient. Buses are only available once an hour and waiting for the bus is a waste of time. 

NO.10

学校报社计划推出一个pro-peering？project，即，在学生提交Paper前，报社人员帮助同学修改，有利于balabala

女生觉得 不好， 1）报社人员也是学生，不一定给出什么好建议。

2）即使好建议， 也不利于学生的长远发展， 还是培养独立意识比较好。

NO.11

图书馆furniture旧了，换新的，原因一:舒服二：吸引更多人来图书馆。

女生不同意：沙发软容易困，不集中精力;现在人少是因为很多人用电脑，但是电源插头不够。

NO.12

Letter: 学校应该让大家在注册了课程之后立马能够拿到课程的书单，这样能够有两个好处。第一，给学生足够的时间去找到价格低廉的教科书。第二，给学生足够的时间开始为这门课做准备。

To make the book list available to students immediately after the registration

1) Give students time to search for cheap textbooks

2) Let them have time start preparing for the course

 Conversation: 男生完全同意信的内容

1)学校书店新书太贵，二手书很便宜，但是数量少，而且卖的非常快。这样之后可以有足够的时间去不同地方找便宜的二手书

2)开学了之后会很忙碌，有很多的reading要做。而开学之前就比较闲，有很多的空闲时间，可以利用起来阅读。

NO.13

图书馆规定加一个人proposal against the library’s regulations that students shouldn’t use cell phones in the library and that cell phones must be turned off before entering the library.

Two reasons: 1. Students are considerate enough to keep their voices low when answering calls, just like they do when talking to other people in the library. 2. They occasionally have important calls, so they need to keep the cell phone turned on so as not to miss them.

一个男生和女生讨论，女生的观点是这个proposal很挫，因为：1. If students answer calls, they have to whisper, but the other side听不清楚，so they have to raise their voices up, thus distracting other students; 2. 如果他们有重要的电话，可以check outside the library from time to time. （再次重复一遍这个意思）

NO.14

校园里建museum. 男生不同意。一是downtown有周末还免费 二是都建图书馆和学生中心，没钱建博物馆。                          

NO.15

一个女生和一个男生对话，女生说a few students’ art works were chosen 在一个art exhibit上展出；男生sounds great, so you are one of them；女生说是的，但是问题来了，她的那幅画太大，is a 3-meter canvas,会超出展览方给的limited exhibiting space.男生说真的吗？女生说，对的，他们不愿意给我更大的space, because that will be unfair for other students. 接着说，但我可以把我的一副older painting拿去展出（one suggestion），which is smaller.男生说可以啊；女生说，但是那幅画是我以前画的，而我的technique has improved a lot since then,所以那幅画不能体现我的真实水平；男生说，那要不你draw a new one by the next week（第二个suggestion）；女生说其实也可以，但是我最近很busy,有a couple of exams coming.

NO.16

A letter from a student to campus newspaper: Graduation speakers should be business leaders:

1. Business leaders are excellent role models. They are successful and influentialand earn top wages

2. Inviting business leaders to speak will benefit the school’s largest and best business program. 因此更多人会知道。By Ryan Brown

Listening: 男生说你看到ryan给学校写的那封信了吗？女孩说看到了，我觉得其实这样不好，因为people from other professions can also be successful and influential；男生说意思是要增加variety吗？女生说对，比如可以邀请teachers，很多teacher也会对学生产生深远的影响；男生问，那他说的可以benefit我们学校的business program这一点呢？女生说：其实这个business program is successful and famous enough, so it doesn’t deserve extra free advertising. 相反，如果邀请教师，会对我们学校的education program产生良好影响

NO.17

Library will only offer online reference materials.

Reading: The library decides to no longer keep paper copies because it is running out of shelf space.

Conversation: 男表示都在线查资料太棒了。因为男在图书馆工作，深有体会。书记资料太多，整理很麻烦，学生检索起来也不是很方便。女表示没有意识到会有这么大的问题。男的反问女的你上次什么时候去的图书馆查资料还记得吗，表明去图书馆查阅纸质资料的人其实也不是很多。女的同意，表示反正宿舍也有电脑，查阅起来也很方便。

QUESTION: Please state his opinion and explain his reason for holding his ideas.

NO.18

Reading part: Nowadays university news stations hire students from different majors to write articles for the newspaper. In the future, the news station should only hire journalism students to write. This way they can retain the students who are really interested in news and can have more articles completed.

Listening part: Disagree

1) Students in other major may also be interested in writing the news. The university should also encourage those students to write for newspaper. Take himself for example. He now majors in history but wants to enter news industry in the future.

2) Extra articles don’t help. There’s no point in having too many articles coming in, because the station may not have the time or resource to deal with them all. The process of preparing an article is complicated, and includes the efforts of both the editors and writers. The writers write and turn their article in for review to the editors, who then return the writing back to the writers for edits. Before publishing, the article is sent to the editors again for final editing.

口语第四题：

NO.1

convergent evolution 不同动物形成同样得feature，举例africa的Aardvark和Austtrialia  的echine都吃同种虫子which live in deep mud，都有long and sticky tongues   

NO.2

trial offer。几个月前我看见电视上的一个广告（commercial）在推销stretching machine,在广告里都是一些很健美的男人，有很漂亮的肌肉，并且告诉你使用效果很棒，我看了很动心，但是那个广告只提供了一个购买电话在屏幕上，我对此犹豫不决，因为我不知道这个我没有听说过（unheard of），不熟悉(unfamiliar)的机器究竟是好是坏, 它是不是真的像广告中的那样起作用，因此我没有买。

几天后我在另外一个频道中看见了关于这个健身器材的同样的广告，这次不仅有购买电话号码，并且提供一个月的免费试用期，可以先使用后付款，于是我就订购了一台，试用期满后我付款买下了这台健身器。

 

NO.3

阅读：讲小孩遇到做事失败后经常frastrate，稍微大点的孩子就会知道如何克服这种不好的情绪，讲家长要怎么怎么帮助孩子去增强抗失落

听：举例说自己的孩子玩积木吧盖塔，经常倒。倒了就叫家长帮忙，他每次都去帮忙。但后来发现这样不好，所以他每次都故意晚去一会，几周之后孩子学会了独立完成。

NO.4

问题：男人说要写一个作业关于poem的，他发现一本好书在图书馆，但他出去玩疯了，忘了在Weds（大概是）借书了，而且他点背，那天图书馆关门早。

解决方案

1女的说可不可以用别的poem书呢，他就觉得这书好。

2另外一个就是，明天早晨早点儿去图书馆，然后快点儿看，因为没啥时间了，必须的他交作业了

NO.5

advanced crediting 这一概念：老师在学生没有完成某任务之前就鼓励学生们说他们会做这个可以帮助学生最后完成这个任务。                             

听力材料里professor讲述了advanced crediting的一个例子，总是鼓励一开始乱仍糖纸的小孩子是讲卫生，爱干净的孩子，他们到最后就会变得不乱丢糖纸了。

NO.6

　　Term: Impact Bias

　　Definition: people have inaccurate expectations of the impact that certain events will have on them: both the event’s intensity and how long it would last.

　　Lecture:

The professor’s daughter wanted to apply to this university because her best friends were applying and because of the university’s great educational program. She thought her life would be ruined if she didn’t get it. It turned out that she wasn’t accepted. While she got very upset about it, she was busy taking care of her high school graduation and planning her summer vacation. Pretty soon she forgot about her misfortune of being rejected by the school and moved on with her life.

NO.7

commitment device

　　The professor wanted to run a 10-kilometer race and planned to get up very early in the morning. But he often went back to sleep after getting up. Then he had a friend who ran with him together so that he was able to have an early run every morning.

NO.8

阅读讲Nomadic phase指动物的迁徙，主要因为一些生活危机，例如食物枯竭或其他灾难。听力举例蚁群居住在地下，但当新蚁出生后他们就会迁徙，以满足对新生蚂蚁的食物源头。

NO.9

Reading: Compound Nesting (biology) two species that are different enough so as not to compete for food when living together.

Listening: Example of ants in Africa. The bigger ants collect food while the smaller ones eat the scraps. For the smaller ant, it doesn't need to search for food. For the bigger ant, the smaller one keeps the nest clean by eating the leftover food and prevents bacteria from growing.

NO.10

版本一：说的是animal coloration，说是动物会具有一种独特的颜色，这种颜色会警告它的捕食者，如果被侵犯，它就会攻击，吃过苦头的攻击者下次见到这种颜色的动物就会避而远之。教授说了一个例子，skunk臭 鼬是一种全身黑的动物，只有一缕白毛从头部延伸到尾巴，它被攻击时会竖起毛，尾巴上的腺体喷出十分难闻的气体。比如说一只狼接近它，它就会把这种难闻的液 体喷狼一身，由于这种液体十分的恶心难闻，狼就记住了这种动物的颜色特征，下次这只狼再看到全身黑，背上有从头到尾巴的白毛的动物就会远远的避开。                                

版本二：

Test costumers are people who are hired by employers to evaluate the employees’ performance during work. They pretend to be normal customers.                           【Examples】 

A restaurant manager wanted to observe how well the waitresses and waiters did. She watched in person, but the employees who knew they were observed behaved better than usual. So she hired a man who pretended to be a normal customer in the restaurant. The man asked the employees questions and provided the manager with feedback about employees’ behavior, such as whether they were friendly and polite.

NO.11

Behavior scaling, 动物总会根据不同环境展现出不同行为。T 动物，baby T,有的生长在食物丰富的地方-----not social,alone

食物不足的地方-----social and work

NO.12

教授给儿子买积木儿子第一次玩stack a tower积木fell down he call his father for help.儿子play the blocks every day and every time his blocks fall down he'll call his father. The professor 故意stay longer day by day than before...儿子在等他爸的时间里学会自己搭积

NO.13

4.讲的是procedural memory

 文章：procedural记忆和普通的记忆不一样（比如记住名字啥的），它是一种时间中根据步骤step by step而记下来的。是能够自动automatically执行的记忆（act automatically if frequently practiced）。

 讲座：男教授用自己学和弹吉他的经验来说明这个procedural memory

 他开始学吉他的时候，从如何hold住琴，如何place fingers开始到练习弹奏歌曲。每次回去之后都会练习很久，一段时间之后，他可以拿起琴就知道如何放手指，轻松的弹奏歌曲。但是有段时间有事儿，没有空练习（貌似是好几年）。当他再有机会拿起琴的时候，他以为自己忘了如何弹奏。可是当他拿起琴之后，他就知道怎样放手指，并且弹奏歌曲了。

NO.14

Convergent evolution: two different locations that pose similar challenges, allowing unrelated species to develop similar physical features.

Lecture: Aardvark in Africa and echidna in Australia. They eat the same insects as their main food. The insects’ nest are of hard crust, so predator很难吃到这种昆虫，因此these two animals have the same long, sticky tongue in order to capture the insects.在昆虫的巢穴上凿洞，把舌头伸进去吃……

NO.15

广告对环境的负面影响。

NO.16

Reading:

Professor evaluation

这个student写了个letter给校方希望能改变professor evaluation，which is carried out at the end of every class,的方式。之前的evaluate之后都是教授自己看，不具有公开性；所以学生propose to put the evaluations online. 有两个好处：1. Professors will get more motivated to improve his teaching skills if he knows that the evaluations will go public. 2. 学生也可以通过这些评估做出more informed decision as to which course to take.

Listening:

男生女生对话，男生说，哎挺好的啊。女生说，我觉得一点都不好。教授肯定feel not happy about his course being publicly criticized，他不会take it seriously 而这些evaluation也不会influence他的Teaching skill。男生说，但至少学生们表达的自己的观点啊。女生说：这就是问题所在。The evaluations are usually 在the end of the last class举行，很多学生都in a hurry to leave，所以不会take the evaluation seriously ，也不会提一些specific的建议。

NO.17

女孩说summer is coming,你都准备好了干什么啊？男生说准备去professor的lab里面做一个chemistry research internship,女生说seems that you are all set。男生说其实没有，还有很多问题。我的这个internship is unpaid, but I need to earn money.女生说我听说campus book store在招人，你可以work in the lab during weekdays and go to the book store at weekends.男生说then I cannot relax much.女生说倒也是，或者你可以ask your professor to see whether you can share then internship with others.你就可以在没有工作的那几天出去赚钱。男生说，对的，我听说以前也出现过几个人share这个position的情况，the professor was fine with it. 女生赞同，男生说但是那样我就不能learn as much as I can if I do it for full-time. I cannot follow up with the experiments and results.

                                   

NO.18

vertical migration

Reading: we usually associate migration with birds. But other species do migration too. 目的：warm climate and more favorable condition for reproduction.

Lecture: squid. 每天晚上它会在水的表面找东西和活动，会一直到天明。但是白天的时候会回到水的下面，因为上层不安全，阳光容易使得squid很容易捕猎者发现，所以它需要刀深水来躲避。

QUESTION: Use details from the reading and lectures to explain vertical migration and how it benefits the squid.

口语第五题：

NO.1

女生说父母来参加他的毕业典礼，遇到了麻烦：他们从比较远的地方来需要找地方住下，但学校附近的hotel都book满了。 Solu1：去她的公寓住，但她的公寓非常小，需要rearrange，她要睡沙发了。 Solu2：去远一点的hotel住，但缺点是离学校开车20分钟，需要租车，成本比较高。     

NO.2

听力，一男一女discussing about 女的的problem, 她早上总是错过吃早餐，因为她起不来。她的课在早上8点，她总是赶在提前刚好的时间起床，所以没能时间吃早餐。 男的建议她是不是可以买些零食在room里，不用cook的那种，女的说不行，因为她平时错过早餐所以大概只吃2餐，现在再加上一餐虽然是零食，但是still cost她一些钱，不行！然后又自己建议其实她可以swith到另一个在上午晚一点才上的课程。还是同一个professor teach的。

要求总结女的问题以及solution

 

NO.3

男的遇到问题，在公共学校的一门课有15个人，人太多，他不到老师的有效反馈，决定退课，他自己给自己提了两个solutions，一个是换到晚上，人少，但是晚上他可能有作业，课什么的，二是到暑假再选，但暑假他已经有两门课了，可能三门太多了

NO.4

学生把车钥匙留在车里了，书也锁在里面了，没书就没办法上课，两个建议：一，找一个locksmith来开锁，但这样很贵；二，向她父母要extra key，但要一两天时间才能送来。

NO.5

问题：推销服务质量，还有一个叫TESTMONIA(音）professor的朋友想做paint work，但是没有生意，

解决方案

1.采用了推销服务质量之后，有人说这个人涂东西极好又耐久，后来很多人都来找他。

2.另外，他还发了图片对比涂了的和没涂的效果，人们看到了，吸引了广大的潜在客户。

NO.6

　　Problem: the man is invited to go to a conference in NYC with the professor he’s been working with. Only the hotel will be covered, and he will have to pay for transportation himself.

　　Solution 1: He can buy a plane ticket and fly to NYC.

　　Pro: He will have an opportunity to meet people, learn something, and get more time to be prepared for presentation

　　Con: It’s expensive

　　Solution 2: Take the train to NYC

　　Pro: Save some money

Con: The train ride takes a whole day and he will miss an important class.

NO.7

女生要展出的画忘在家里了，但今天晚上就要展出，且她的朋友要来看，所以想今晚取来，但是今晚她又要review physical test, 没时间。第二个解决方案是可以让她妈妈送来，但是妈妈明天才有空送来，今晚她的朋友就要来看。

NO.8

The woman plans to go home during the Winter Break. However, the ticket is expensive and she hasn't bought one.

　　Two solutions: 1. Take the bus. It’s cheap, but 8-hour trip is a pain. 2. Take the 3 AM flight. This interrupts her parents' sleep and makes it inconvenient for them to pick her up.

NO.9

女生刚刚搬家要开暖房聚会，得收拾屋子。但明早她约了朋友去参观博物馆，要耽搁一天，发生了冲突。男生建议可以今晚收拾房间，但女生担心明天逛博物馆会累，或者可以不去博物馆，但女生担心朋友不高兴，而且展览机会难得。

NO.10

The girl is on her way to buy groceries for the party tonight. She suddenly remembers that there will be a chemistry review session in 10 minutes. Option 1: Go to the session but feel bad because she has promised her roommates that they are going to cook. Option 2: Leave early from the session to go buy groceries. But there's a quiz next week and she is worried that she won't pass.

NO.11

版本一：男生想去参加一个电影鉴赏会，但是那天晚上他cousin要来，他要和他在餐厅吃饭，给他介绍学校的情况。他有两个选择，女孩说她可以陪他cousin吃饭，介绍学校情况，因为她天天晚上都在餐厅吃饭，男孩说让一个不同的人介绍学校确实好，但是他cousin有些害羞，他有点担心他会感觉不舒服，另外一个办法是不去看电影，以后再看，但是他又非常想参加后面的讨论会。女生让他决定好了告诉她

版本二：

【Problem】

The girl attended the rehearsal of a school play. The rehearsal is time consuming. She is too busy to take many classes and is not doing well in her studies. She does not know what to do. 

 

【Solutions】 

1. Drop out of play and focus on studying. 

Con: Her major is theater. Attending rehearsal helps her progress. If she quits, it may cause trouble for her professor to find someone to replace her and result in the professor becoming angry with her. 

2. Decrease the number of classes and take them next semester. 

Con: She has taken the course for 3 weeks and has already put in so much work in that class. It is a required course. If she drops the class this semester, she will have to take it again next semester.

NO.12

女生室友忘带冬季外套让她开车到机场送， 她去， 时间太长；不去又不好， 况且她室友最近帮了她的忙。

她室友还说自己可以去借什么的。

NO.13

问题女生在图书馆写历史paper被人打扰。

　　方法一：跟图书管理员report.但是害怕被状告人的mad,或者in trouble

方法二：换地方。但是她所在的区域有所需书籍，换地方版书籍很麻烦。

NO.14

5. Conversation

 对话中的女生遇到了困难。她说自己明年毕业，有一个强制的外语要学习才能毕业。但她之后一学期会非常忙，所以在暑假，她选了自己喜欢的Russian online course。可是注册的人不够，被cancelled了。

 现在能够有的两个选择：

1)选择在校内上的on-campus的Russian课。因为Russian是她喜欢的，这样她就要在学校待上一个暑假了。不能够回去看自己从中国工作回来的姐姐。

2)选择其他的网上外语课程，西班牙语。但是她不喜欢，可是如果上网上课程她就可以回去和她姐姐见面了。

NO.15

5.一个男生和女生讨论spring break,男生要去蒙特利尔Montréal,但是不能afford train ticket.他给女生说但我有两个option: 1. To work extra horse in the next week, maybe another 10 hours to earn enough money，然后女生说哎呀很tough,因为很多exams are coming. 2. To sell his guitar.他两年前买了吉他但一直都没有弹，而且是个很nice 的吉他。那个女生说，是还可以，但是there’s no guitar any more…

NO.16

学生论文不及格，老师让重写，但是他又要参加家庭聚会。

NO.17

Reading:

Reactance: 人们都很重视自己的freedom。 因此当自己的行为被limited and自由受限by some rules and regulations时，人们尝试去逃脱这种限制。很多adults and children’s behavior are results of the urge to 重获 freedom. “Reactance” indicates people’s desire to reestablish freedom and break away from(具体的词组不是break away from，但意思一致) the control.

Listening:

两个例子可以验证reactance的现象：1. Imagine a child, who used to play very happily on the playground, having a lot of fun， 但是突然有一天his parents don’t allow him to play on that playground again。小孩会感到很upset,于是他会sneak to the playground and play despite his parents’ rule. 2. A town recently ban on a kind of soap because it’s harmful to the environment. 但是这个ban 并没有降低the soap’s ability to clean things.因此人们会感到很upset，”why can’t I choose any type of soaps that I want?”因此人们会attempt to buy a large number of this kind of soaps, a lot more than they used to do, 尽管town会限制他们做这件事。

NO.18

Impression management:

Reading: We often control or manage their impression unconsciously in order to convey information to influence how other people perceive us. 这种impression既可以是外表也可以是自己的行为。

Listening: 1.When a student wants to do a presentation, you would see him more formally dressed. Even before he starts, you can feel that he is taking the presentation very seriously and is very responsible. 2. 教授举了个自己的例子，校长第二天想take这个professor的 ride to school. Right before the day when I agreed to take the ride, I took the trash out of the back of my car and even had my car washed. And when the president got in my car, I changed my radio to classical music, even though I don’t like this type of music.

口语第六题：

NO.1

讲鸟类迁徙之前都会做一定的调整和改变，分两方面：1，body change：长途飞行需要大量能量，为了减少停下来的次数，会提前储存能量，吃多点存脂肪。2，习惯的改变：为了应对路上碰到的敌人，一些独来独往的鸟会开始social，结成group一起飞，比较安全。

 

NO.2

biological 的课程

一群群居的动物，易感染疾病，以一个动物好像叫ann的为例， 说明他们如何去defense会感染疾病。

1）。。。。。。sorry 脑子短路。。。。。。忘了。。。

2）他们会经常自我清洁，通过自我清洁可以避免感染。

要求概括一下课堂的内容，表述他们如何去defense的。

 

NO.3

publicity 相对 advertising 的优点，一是更便宜，比如游戏厂商在电脑杂志上发表文章比广告便宜，二是可信度更高，电脑杂志如果描述一下那个电脑游戏，购买者更容易接受，相对于广告

NO.4

biological monitor(这个我当时有点蒙圈，说到一半才突然弄明白了TAT)

用来check health of environment

听力是一个机场每天有飞机，用蜜蜂的蜂蜜产量来判断环境好不好，结果发现蜂蜜产量没有变化，所以环境是好的

NO.5

女生的老师组织看play和打工时间冲突1.和manager请假，但是上次已经请过一次假了2.和professor请假，事后看vcd，但是她喜欢和大家一起看   

NO.6

讲如何推断出ancient climates。教授说可以研究化石，因为气候会对形成化石的微生物产生影响。举例，某种有硬壳的shellfish,壳里的镁含量和sea water temperature有关，温度高的时候镁的含量就高。所以就可以通过对比这种矿物质在化石和现在那个地方的shellfish壳里的含量，然后就知道气候变暖了还是变冷了。

NO.7

版本1 这个lecture讲了动物储存食物 （hoarding）的两种不同方式

1）all food in one location,但是这就要求动物必须能够守住这些食物，用physical prevention 来 defense. 比如Squirrel, 他们会把所有食物都藏带一个地方，但是如果有 birds或者其他都无来抢的时候他们就会把这些掠食者赶走, drive them away

2）disperse, divide up food and save in different locations, 但是这要求动物必须记性特别好（good memory）记的食物都放在那些地方了.比如 Rat in desert, 它们把食物藏在hundreds of locations，但是他们记性好，都记得这些locations在哪里

版本2 ：心理学——generalizing

阅读部分: 在学习语言的过程中，儿童很容易把一个词的意思理解为仅仅是用来表示一个特定的物体（one specific object），随着年龄的增长，儿童能逐渐理解一个单词不仅能用来描述一件物品，而是可以用来表示某一类物品。这种现象叫做归纳（generalizing）。

听力部分：教授的儿子三岁时，他有一个玩具火车，爸爸妈妈就教给儿子这个东西叫做“train”。有一天爸妈带着儿子出去玩，途径火车站，爸爸就指着火车说这是“train”，当时儿子就显得非常不理解（upset and confused）。而到儿子四岁时，他就能够正确使用“train”这个词了，并且能明白这个词不仅仅能够表示他的玩具火车，还能用来表示火车站里真正的火车。

问：用教授给出的例子解释什么是generalizing。

NO.8

　　The professor talks about what animals that don’t live underwater do to stay underwater. The first way is to reduce movement in order to save oxygen. For example, an alligator hunts underwater by staying very still, with basically no movement. In doing so, it can cut down its heart rate and reduce the need for more oxygen. The second way is to minimize the time spent underwater. For example, a brown pelican dives down to catch fish in the water. It doesn’t go deep and it has air sacks that open in the water. That will help the pelican get back to the surface as fast as possible for oxygen.

NO.9

The professor talks about two types of suspense in a movie.

The first type is when the audience tries to guess the ending. For example, two heroes set the same goal, but the audience has no idea who will come out first.

The second type is that the audience knows the ending but has no clue about the process of getting there. For example, in a love story, the hero and heroine will undoubtedly meet in the end, but how they meet each other becomes the intrigue.

NO.10

顾客买东西一般看产品的两种cues，一种是内在的，由产品自身的质量决定，比如果汁好喝所以买，一种是外在的，由产品的外在包装决定，比如果汁的瓶子漂亮，并且商标fancy，所以买。

In the lecture, the professor talks about two cues consumers use to judge the qualities of products. The first is the intrinsic cue, where the customers judge the products’ quality by their physical characteristics, such as color, texture, and size. For example, customers will think a food possesses good qualities if it tastes good. The opposite is the extrinsic cue, where the customers don’t judge a product’s quality by its physical characteristics. For example, if a juice is placed inside a good looking glass bottle and has a good label, consumers will think it has good qualities. Here the product is evaluated by the external packaging but not by the taste of the juice itself.

NO.11

There are two ways whales use sounds to survive in the deep ocean. The first is navigation. Whales detect the refection from objects in order to get a sense of the right direction. The second is feeding. Since whales travel in groups, they can call on other whales to see if they found any fish.

NO.12

S6讲telecommute的好处，一个更加绿色环保，不用开车，减少空气污染，另一方面给乡村居民提供工作机会，大公司也可以招收远距离的乡村居民。

NO.13

How do consumers reduce risks when purchasing?

　　(1) Perform a thorough research. Eg. If you want to buy a computer, you can search online to see which manufacturer is better and read the reviews of other buyers.

(2) Stay loyal to one brand or company. Eg. If you have bought a car that functioned well and lasted a long time, you may want to stay with this brand next time.

NO.14

版本一：为什么有的事情会记得比别的事情清楚。两个原因，第一是如果你对这个事情预先有所了解，你就会记得比其他事情清楚，事后也更容易回忆起来。比如你 去参加一个古典音乐会，如果你对古典音乐有比较多的了解，一年后让你回忆这个音乐会，你就很容易记起很多它的细节，相反你可能什么也想不起来。第二个原因 是某些事物可能和其他的事物有比较大的区别，这些不同的事物更容易被记住，比如你去上大学里的一节大课，一年后让你回忆，你可能记起来的是那个个子非常高 的男生，或是非常聪明的一个女孩。   

版本二：

Film makers can choose two angles of camera to build up the characters’ image. 

1: Low angles give the effect of children looking up to adults. It makes a character look really huge and powerful. For example, using low angles to make Queen Victoria look more prestigious. 

2: High angle puts the character within a bigger environment and makes the character look small and weak. 

For example, shooting a man lost in a vast desert from high angle makes the character look hopeless and weak.

NO.15

口语六：老师总希望得到feedback， feedback DE characters  1 focus on  students    2. focus on 其他

NO.16

用dinner为例子阐述两种theater对观众的不同。在theater里，一种是player表现的观众不存在，比如在吃饭，那就认认真真在吃饭，和下面没交流。一种是style是player意识到观众的存在，还是比如吃饭，player可能问下面观众food smell good? 甚至invite audience to join them…"

NO.17

6.关于living in group的不足

 两个群居的不足和例子：

1)Visible to predators and easy to be captured. 单独的时候就不会这样。比如沙丁鱼，当他们一直单独行动的时候，就不容易被发现然后被吃。但是当他们成群的出现，就会有鲨鱼捕食他们。

2)Carrying the young. 很多生活在一起，不容易找到自己的小孩。比如成百上千的bats蝙蝠生活在洞里，当他们出去捕猎回来想给自己的小孩喂食的时候，找不到。可能给别的小孩喂食，而自己的却没被喂到。

NO.18

6.Why companies will change their product packaging.

1.In response to technology. 技术发展会有new material出现，举了牛奶的例子，牛奶以前是装在glass bottle卖，后来技术发展，出现了塑料，于是牛奶现在装载plastic box里面卖。

2.为了更好与其他公司竞争。比如会改变包装的size。又是牛奶，其他公司已经改变了自己juice啊软饮料啊的包装，变成portable size,让人民可以再车里啊路上喝，于是牛奶也变了，由以前的large bottle变为现在这样。