2015年11月21日大陆托福阅读解析

今日考试阅读有两套题，词汇题汇总如下：

第一套题

第一篇：

中东早期灌溉

大量人口所需的粮食生产要求灌溉系统，中东人修建canal system，canal流经低洼地段进行灌溉，同时人们还有投票决定分配。在河和地之间会建大坝，但是大坝改变地形，一旦水高过坝会带来更严重的洪灾。修建灌溉会导致土地盐碱化，盐碱化史salt dispoit。之前的水都是mountain flooding来的。之后这段都讲的盐碱化怎么回事。

解决盐碱化三种方式，两种耗费人力，一种会降低生产，一般不用。

还有一种增加生产的方式是坡地上种，但是有runoff的问题，之后给了解决方法。

解析：本文人文类文章，讨论的是与农业灌概相关的内容，从机经来看，文章结构不太清晰, 先按照因果线来展开，随后又按照问题解决型展开，对考生结构把握能力要求较高。同时, 人文类文章历来句法结构较复杂，对考生的句子理解能力也是较大一个挑战。

参考阅读：

Mesopotamia: Canals on the Plain

Irrigation has been an important base for agriculture in Mesopotamia (what is now Iraq and part of Iran) for 6000 years. But Mesopotamia is very different from Egypt. Mesopotamia has low rainfall, and is supplied with surface water by only two major rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates. Although they are much smaller than of the Nile, they have much more dramatic spring floods, from snowmelt in the highlands of Anatolia, and they carry more silt. Furthermore, the plains of Mesopotamia are very flat, and poorly drained, so that the region has always had persistent problems with poor soil, drought, catastrophic flooding, silting, and soil salinity.

Mesopotamian engineers had to worry about water storage and flood control as well as irrigation. Silt built up quickly in the canals, threatening to choke them. This could be overcome by constant dredging as long as organization and manpowerwere available. The other problem was more insidious, and could not be overcome by the engineering available at the time. It was difficult to drain water off the fields, and there was always a tendency for salt to build up in the soil.

Although the plain of Mesopotamia is very flat, the bed of the Euphrates is higher than that of the Tigris; in fact, Euphrates floods sometimes found their way across country into the Tigris. Engineers used this gradient as soon as irrigation schemes became large enough, using the Euphrates water as the supply, and the Tigris channel as a drain.

Mesopotamia has had times of successful irrigation, and times of silt and salinity crises: the latter around 2000 BC, 1100 BC, and after 1200 AD. The first crisis may have been caused by water politics. In any irrigation system, the farmers most downstream are those most likely to be short of water in a dry year, or to receive the most polluted water. In Sumeria, the city of Lagash was rather far downstream in the canal system based on the Euphrates. Apparently Entemanna of Lagash decided that he would instead cut a canal to tap Tigris water, but the addition of poor-quality water led to rapid salinization of the soil.

第二篇：　

入海口的生物

入海口地区盐度和生态不稳定，因为竞争较少，可以适应这种不稳定的生物繁殖好，活得好。海里的生物皮肤有层物质，可以帮助适应周边盐度、气压balabala

入海口地区盐度彼岸花大，这的生物有两种方式，分别是O1和O2，他们既是O1类也是O2类的。解释两种方式然后举例。入海口的植物有发达的根部，解释原因及应用。

解析：本文属于生物学文章。从机经回忆来看，文章关注的是入海口地区生物应对特殊环境的方式并针对不同方面展开讲适应的方式。在阅读过程中，学员需要分清不同类别生物的各自特征，避免生词过多，思路混乱。

参考阅读:

Homeostasis is the process of regulating the internal environment to maintain a stable, constant condition, typically in a living organism. There are two ways in which an organism can maintain a stable internal temperature: by regulating their internal temperature to best suit their needs, or conforming their internal temperature to the external temperature.

A regulator is also known as an endotherm. A regulator uses internal control mechanisms to maintain the optimum temperature needed for its body to function. Mammals and birds are examples of regulators. They are often described as warm blooded because they maintain a constant body temperature. For example, if the climate around a regulator gets hotter, the animal can adjust its metabolism to lessen the need for heat production.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Regulators

The advantage of being a regulator is that the organism can function in a wide variety of environments. However, thermal stability comes at a price, as the automatic regulation system requires the animal to take in additional energy.

A conformer is also called an ectotherm. A conformer cannot regulate its own internal temperature so it must adapt its behavior, physically moving itself to environments with optimum temperatures. Reptiles, amphibians and insects are all conformers and are often referred to as cold blooded. For example, a lizard may lie on a rock in the sun to raise its body temperature, as it cannot regulate it internally.

The disadvantage of being a conformer is that the organism may become sluggish at low temperatures. The advantage is that very little energy is required.

Regulators use internal control mechanisms to maintain the best temperature for their body. Conformers move to places with a good temperatures for survival, because they cannot self regulate their internal temperature.

第三篇：

板块漂移

很早的时候有人发现板块像拼图，提出移动。有个科学家提出是卫星的引力导致移动，另一个人反驳，引力不可能达到那种程度。有个W开始不接受漂移理论因为没有合理机制。后来W开始研究南美和非洲的化石。出了一本书用化石证明板块移动。欧洲科学家不接受，但是熟悉南美和非洲的科学家接受了，并以此来指导下一步的科研。之后有个南美科学家T除了一本书，部分支持W的观点。之后科学家找了植物化石、鳄鱼化石和冰川遗迹来证明，最初大陆是一块，在那些化石形成后才分离的。

解析：本文属于地理地质类文章，关注的是大陆漂移学说。该话题从新托福开始就一直是常考话题，而且在阅读经典加试中也有类似文章。文章重点为论述大陆板块漂移理论对动植物相似性的解释，存在大量论证关系。考生按照不同的证据对于板块漂移理论的反驳或者支持即可理解文章的结构。

参考阅读：

Wegener and his predecessors

The hypothesis that the continents had once formed a single landmass before breaking apart and drifting to their present locations was first presented by Alfred Wegener to the German Geological Society on 6 January 1912.Although Wegener's theory was formed independently and was more complete than those of his predecessors, Wegener later credited a number of past authors with similar ideas: Franklin Coxworthy (between 1848 and 1890), Roberto Mantovani (between 1889 and 1909), William Henry Pickering (1907) and Frank Bursley Taylor (1908).

Evidence that continents 'drift'

Evidence for the movement of continents on tectonic plates is now extensive. Similar plant and animal fossils are found around different continent shores, suggesting that they were once joined. The fossils of Mesosaurus, a freshwater reptile rather like a small crocodile, found both in Brazil and South Africa, are one example; another is the discovery of fossils of the land reptile Lystrosaurus from rocks of the same age from locations in South America, Africa, and Antarctica. There is also living evidence the same animals being found on two continents. Some earthworm families (e.g.: Ocnerodrilidae, Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae) are found in South America and Africa, for instance.

The complementary arrangement of the facing sides of South America and Africa is obvious, but is a temporary coincidence. In millions of years, slab pull and ridge-push, and other forces of tectonophysics will further separate and rotate those two continents. It was this temporary feature which inspired Wegener tostudy what he defined as continental drift, although he did not live to see his hypothesis become generally accepted.

Widespread distribution of Permo-Carboniferous glacial sediments in South America, Africa, Madagascar, Arabia, India, Antarctica and Australia was one of the major pieces of evidence for the theory of continental drift. The continuity of glaciers, inferred from oriented glacial striations and deposits called tillites, suggested the existence of the supercontinent of Gondwana, which became a central element of the concept of continental drift. Striations indicated glacial flow away from the equator and toward the poles, in modern coordinates, and supported the idea that the southern continents had previously been in dramatically different locations, as well as contiguous with each other.

Evidence for the movement of continents on tectonic plates is now extensive. Similar plant and animal fossils are found around different continent shores, suggesting that they were once joined. The fossils of Mesosaurus, a freshwater reptile rather like a small crocodile, found both in Brazil and South Africa, are one example; another is the discovery of fossils of the land reptile Lystrosaurus from rocks of the same age from locations in South America, Africa, and Antarctica.There is also living evidence the same animals being found on two continents. Some earthworm families (e.g.: Ocnerodrilidae, Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae) are found in South America and Africa, for instance.

The complementary arrangement of the facing sides of South America and Africa is obvious, but is a temporary coincidence. In millions of years, slab pull and ridge-push, and other forces of tectonophysics will further separate and rotate those two continents. It was this temporary feature which inspired Wegener to study what he defined as continental drift, although he did not live to see his hypothesis become generally accepted.

Widespread distribution of Permo-Carboniferous glacial sediments in South America, Africa, Madagascar, Arabia, India, Antarctica and Australia was one of the major pieces of evidence for the theory of continental drift. The continuity of glaciers, inferred from oriented glacial striations and deposits called tillites, suggested the existence of the supercontinent of Gondwana, which became a central element of the concept of continental drift. Striations indicated glacial flow away from the equator and toward the poles, in modern coordinates, and supported the idea that the southern continents had previously been in dramatically different locations, as well as contiguous with each other.

第二套题

第一篇：

帝国的衰落

主要讲的是由于对外扩张的停止，大规模生产缺乏原料，导致了经济的衰退。但是贵族们不愿意鼓励大规模生产，导致最后帝国只能靠农业支撑。中间几段记不得了，最后讲了，由于物资供应的缺乏和男丁的缺少，只能雇佣其他国家的人来保卫边疆。最后导致了边疆守卫的崩溃.

解析：本文属于历史类文章，因果型文章结构，在理解时需要重点抓出导致西罗马帝国衰落的主要因素，以及这些因素发挥了什么样的助推作用。类似的文章在TPO里非常多，比如TPO1901等。对于历史类的文章，一般学生在理解时的最大障碍都是句子比较绕，做题时切记不可用原词核对直接选答案。

参考阅读：

The Fall of the Western Roman Empire was the period of decline in the Western Roman Empire in which it disintegrated and split into numerous successor states. By 476 AD, when Odoacer deposed the Emperor Romulus, the Western Roman Empire wielded negligible military, political, or financial power and had no effective control over the scattered Western domains that could still be described as Roman. Invading ,rbarbanansH had established their own polities on most of the area of the Western Empire. While its legitimacy lasted for centuries longer and its cultural influence remains today, the Western Empire never had the strength to rise again.

One hundred years previously, in 376 AD, large numbers of Goths crossed the Danube River. They sought admission to the territory of the Roman Empire, a political institution which, despite both new and longstanding systematic weaknesses, wielded effective power across the lands surrounding the Mediterranean and beyond. The Empire had large numbers of trained, supplied, and disciplined soldiers, it had a comprehensive civil administration based in thriving cities with effective control over public finances. Among its literate elite It had ideological legitimacy as the only worthwhile form of civilization and a cultural unity based on comprehensive familiarity with Greek and Roman literature and rhetoric. The Empire's power allowed it to maintain extreme differences of wealth and status (including slavery on a large scale) and its wide-ranging trade networks permitted even modest households to use goods made by professionals a long way away.

The events of the decline became the subject of debate at the time, which often took on a strongly religious flavor. Like the events surrounding the fall of the Roman Republic, much of this period is unusually well-documented, though there are very few statistics which directly describe the strength of the economy, army, civil administration, or "barbarians". Modern historians nevertheless debate the relative importance of these and other factors, in particular, whether the state was significantly weaker by 376 than it had been in previous centuries, and why the West collapsed while the East did not. The collapse, and the repeated attempts to reverse it, are major subjects of the historiography of the ancient world and they inform much modern discourse on state failure.

第二篇：

宇宙起源

讲述了大爆炸和恒定（steady )理论。大爆炸理论是宇宙起源于一场爆炸并且处于不断变化的状态,但是steady理论认为宇宙没有开始也没有尽头，可能会有一些变化，比如star的形成和galaxy的变化，但宇宙的总体性质不会变化，这个理论很受一些哲学家亲睐。然后就讲发现了一种Q开头的物质，Q很亮并且离我们很远，然后论证了这种Q的存在证明了bigbang理论，并且反驳了steady理论。

解析：本文属于天文学理论，从机经来看关注的是宇宙起源比较主流的理论。天文主题文章的词汇专业性较强，尽量减少生词恐惧带来的内耗。另外，出现理论对比的文章，结构交清晰，但要着重识别对理论内容的态度倾向。比如这篇文章讲的就是在大爆炸理论盛行之前，有一种与之替换的稳定宇宙理论。但最后，还是大爆炸理论占了上风。

参考阅读：

a. Big Bang

The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the early development of the universe. According to the theory, the Big Bang occurred approximately 13.82 billion years ago, which is thus considered the age of the universe. At this time, the universe was in an extremely hot and dense state and was expanding rapidly. After the initial expansion, the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. Though simple atomic nuclei formed within the first three minutes after the Big Bang, thousands of years passed before the first electrically neutral atoms formed. The majority of atoms that were produced by the Big Bang are hydrogen,along with helium and traces of lithium. Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity to form stars and galaxies, and the heavier elements were synthesized either within stars or during supernovae.

b. The steady state universe theory

In cosmology, the Steady State theory is a now-obsolete theory and model alternative to the Big Bang theory of the universe’s origin (the standard cosmological model). In steady state views, new matter is continuously created as the universe expands, thus adhering to the perfect cosmological principle.

第三篇：

美国的电力发展

讲了由于专业知识的发展，电开始普及。然后在美国，很多家庭开始使用电，用什么灯啊，吸尘器啊，国家也开始修建用电的transportation。后面讲了电力在工厂里的应用，用新闻编辑做例子说明电对工作的帮助。然后说了电在motor的应用的好处。然后由于电的应用，工厂可以开在任何地方不再受条件限制。最后一段说，电的普及是由供电公司控制，也是由于这个原因，很多乡村很长时间都没有普及电，因为利润不大。

解析：本文属于人文历史类文章，讲述的是电力在美国的整个发展史，从机经来看，本文结构较为松散，分别关注了电普及的方式、益处、应用范围以及受限，不利于学员对结构的把握，学员在理解时需要对每段主旨做额外关注，以防最后总结题挑战略大。

参考阅读：

Electricity from Wind

Since 1980, the use of wind to produce electricity has been growing rapidly. In 1994 there were nearly 20,000 wind turbines worldwide, most grouped in clusters called wind farms that collectively produced 3,000 megawatts of electricity. Most were in Denmark (which got 3 percent of its electricity from wind turbines) and California (where 17,000 machines produced 1 percent of the state" s electricity, enough to meet the residential needs of a city as large as San Francisco). In principle, all the power needs of the United States could be provided by exploiting the wind potential of just three states North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas.

Large wind farms can be built in six months to a year and then easily expanded asneeded. With a moderate to fairly high net energy yield, these systems emit no heat-trapping carbon dioxide or other air pollutants and need no water for cooling; manufacturing them produces little water pollution. The land under wind turbines can be used for grazing cattle and other purposes, and leasing land for wind turbines can provide extra income for farmers and ranchers.

Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world" s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed.

Wind power is most economical in areas with steady winds. In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary. Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines. Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise, although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.

Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem. Some analysts also contend that the number of birds killed by wind turbines is dwarfed by birds killed by other human-related sources and by the potential loss of entire bird species from possible global warming. Recorded deaths of birds of prey and other birds in wind farms in the United States currently amount to no more than 300 per year. By contrast, in the United States an estimated 97 million birds are killed each year when they collide with buildings made of plate glass, 57 million are killed on highways each year; at least 3.8 million die annually from pollution and poisoning; and millions of birds are electrocuted each year by transmission and distribution lines carrying power produced by nuclear and coal power plants.

The technology is in place for a major expansion of wind power worldwide. Wind power is a virtually unlimited source of energy at favorable sites, and even excluding environmentally sensitive areas, the global potential of wind power Is much higher than the current world electricity use. In theory, Argentina, Canada, Chile, China, Russia, and the United Kingdom could use wind to meet all of their energy needs. Wind power experts project that by the middle of the twenty-first century wind power could supply more than 10 percent of the world' s electricity and 10-25 percent of the electricity used in the United States.

2015年11月21日大陆托福听力解析

A卷

Conversation 1

　　讲一个女生在杂志上看到一个关于iceberg的文章，觉得很有意思，就来问professor，想用这个做project，professor表示赞成鼓励，后来又讲了一个air beam，这个东西的特点和它的名字有关，最后professor询问女生去不去某个活动，女生表示不太想去。

　　-TPO部分对应参考 (TPO2-C1)

Lecture 1

　　讲的是玛雅毁灭的原因，有一种说法是干旱。气候学家说发现了一种G开头是物质(TPO里一个cave里面提过这种物质)。在玛雅一个城市附近的lake里，说明气候很干旱。后来又有研究发现，说是一个城市并不是因为干旱而毁灭的，具体原因忘了。后来说研究了很多wetland animal，发现大多数都有数量下降。最后说因为玛雅人砍伐树林过度产生了很严重的后果。

　　-TPO部分对应参考(TPO32-L3)

　　-TPO对应词汇

　　environmentalprotection 环境保护

　　environmentally-friendly环保的

　　preservev.保护，保存

　　污染：

　　pollute,pollution, pollutant

　　contaminant n.污染物

　　contaminatev.污染

　　ecosystem生态系统

　　ecologyn.生态学

　　antisepticadj.防腐的

　　atmosphericpollution大气污染

　　preservev.保护

　　disastrous灾难性的, devastation破坏,

　　havedisastrous effect on…对。。。有灾难性的影响

　　危害植物:

　　vegetation植被,

　　deforestation森林消失

　　tropicalrain forest热带雨林

　　landslide山体滑坡, mudslide泥石流

　　危害环境:

　　landscape自然风景

　　carbondioxide二氧化碳,

　　acidrain酸雨(erode腐蚀)

　　greenhouseeffect温室效应

　　(worsening,deteriorate, deterioration恶化)

　　globalwarming全球变暖

　　unleadedpetrol无铅汽油

Lecture 2

　　讲的是很难确定一些物种是不是endangered。一种生物eel，它在幼虫阶段时在大西洋某个S开头的地方，然后随着洋流到处漂，最后快死的时候又会回到S地产卵，再死去。很多人觉得eel不应该是endangered，因为它能随着洋流去很多地方，能适应很多环境。然后又说它是一种C开头的种类，这个种类的生物都是在salt water里出生，生活在fresh water，并且回到salt water产卵。也有人说，因为不同地方发现的eel数量没法估算整体，所以也没有人知道eel的大概数量。

　　-TPO部分对应参考(TPO27-L3)

　　-TPO对应词汇

　　动物

　　livingorganism 生物

　　bacterium(pl.bacteria)　细菌

　　algae海藻

　　coral珊瑚

　　rodent啮齿类动物

　　primate灵长类动物

　　ape猿

　　chimpanzeen. 黑猩猩

　　gorilla大猩猩

　　monkeyn. 猴子

　　mammal哺乳类动物

　　dinosaurn.恐龙

　　bat(echolocation) 蝙蝠(声波定位)

　　snowshoehare 雪兔子

　　raccoon浣熊

　　polarbear 北极熊

　　snout(动物的)口鼻部;

　　reptile爬行类动物

　　pollenn. 花粉

　　pollinatev.授粉

　　hibernate冬眠

　　migratev. 迁徙

　　communicatev. 交流

　　camouflage保护色

　　evolve进化

　　evolutionn. 进化

　　endothermn.温血动物,恒温动物

　　beak鸟嘴

Conversation 2

　　一个男生在图书馆用电脑遇到些问题，管理员说帮忙查看是不是系统问题，男生说应该不是，只是偶尔会遇到问题，其他都是挺好的，特别是新上的在线图书馆很useful。然后男生问能否在这儿工作。管理员说确实在招人，要求是graduate并且熟悉电脑，男生是大三但是电脑很好，整个group还去公司实习过，然后开始说自己团队的东西的优点。最后管理员说，系统是新安装的，就算有问题也应该很快会修复，并且建议男生就工作问题去咨询另一个人。

　　-TPO部分对应参考(TPO30-C1)

Lecture 3

　　教授说我们之前讲过了文明的发展，然后有个女生提议可以讲讲化学。教授解释说化学是by-product of art，然后就说到kiln，说烧陶瓷，meltcopper等，再讲到出现在美索不达米亚的，然后讲到做玻璃，说因为技术不是很发达，需要ash of a certain kind of trees。

　　-TPO部分对应参考(TPO14-L4;TPO31-L4)

　　-TPO对应词汇

　　skull颅骨

　　cranial颅骨的

　　StoneAge 石器时代

　　BronzeAge (青)铜器时代

　　IronAge 铁器时代

　　Paleolithic旧石器时代的

　　Mesolithic中石器时代的

　　Neolithic新石器时代的

　　exhume挖掘

　　prehistoric史前的

　　primitive原始的

Lecture 4

　　art restoration。一开始教授就问说你们觉得应该怎么修复画作，然后一个女生说应该用最好的科技，举例说有灰就扫掉，有污点就想办法去掉。教授说你这个想法和以前的人很像，意思是女生的想法是错误的。然后就讲到以前的一些修复手段，包括用水把颜料洗掉等。提到了一个T开头的画家。后来关于修复的概念发生了改变，说到了画家应该预想到后人会修复他们的画，并将其作为画作的一部分。最后提到了一个gallery，说评价不高，因为老板喜欢把画的颜色修复的很鲜艳。

　　-TPO部分对应参考(TPO26-L4)

B卷

Conversation 1

　　学生找老师说论文的问题，老师说我不会再给你的论文延长deadline了，已经有几个学生来谈过同样的问题，如果再延长，老师的任务量会很大。学生说我昨天晚上已经做完了，来找老师是因为参加了一个gallery的competition，虽然觉得可能不会被选中，但工作人员通知说作品要被展览了。教授说，那个画廊以前经常去，不过现在都是比较多展览名家的画了(多选题)，我一点都不吃惊你被选中了。学生问能不能多给点时间准备portfolio，教授说你这个属于特殊情况，可以的。

　　-TPO部分对应参考 (TPO2-C1)

　　-TPO对应词汇

　　assignment作业

　　homework= coursework = schoolwork = studies 作业

　　labreport 实验报告

　　bookreport 读书报告

　　project作业

　　presentation发言

　　termpaper 学期论文(research paper)

　　thesis/essay/dissertation论文

　　journal学术期刊

　　socialinvestigation 社会调查

　　survey调查

　　questionnairen.调查表, 问卷

　　observationn.观察

　　interviewvt.n.采访

　　collectdata 收集数据

　　broad(论文等)内容宽泛

　　narrowdown (论文等)缩小范围

　　source(写论文的)参考资料

　　criticalthinking 评判性思维

　　lackyour own ideas缺少自己的想法

　　deadlinen.最终期限

　　extension延期

　　duedate/time期限

　　outlinen.大纲, 提纲 (roadmap)

　　bibliographyn书目, 参考书目

　　reference参考

　　plagiarismn. 抄袭

　　revisev. 修改

　　rewritev. 重写

　　finaldraft 完成稿

Lecture 1

　　global climate。全球变暖是因为燃烧燃料，导致carbon emission。两种方法缓解这个问题，一种是pre一种post，各有利弊。pre的问题是建造太麻烦，当前主要是尽快解决，不要到了升温临界值的问题。

　　-TPO部分对应参考(TPO4-L4)

Lecture 2

　　考古学讲座。有个K island上游火山产生的obsidian，obsidian有啥特征，用来做工具很好，不确定是不是当地产的，后来有了portable XRF可以直接检测，省时间而且避免了文物过久的暴露。发现北边的是北岛产的，南边的是南岛产的，证明曾经有贸易往来。

　　-TPO部分对应参考(TPO1-L3)

　　-TPO对应词汇

　　anthropologist人类学家

　　ecological生态的

　　anthropologist生态人类学家

　　archaeology考古学

　　anthropology人类学

　　morphology形态学

　　ancientcivilization 古代文明

　　origin起源

　　originate起源于

　　ancestor祖先

　　hominid人(科)

　　homogeneous同一种族(种类)的

　　tribe部落

　　clan氏族

　　Conversation 2

　　city garden volunteer, how to run this program。主要讲了program的细节以及学生专业的相关性。一开始教授说了学生帮助当地社区的居民建立花园的志愿活动，然后学生就问，只有学生参加吗?教授说抱歉，然后重新说了一遍(重听题)，然后说了resident提出他们想要改进的地方，学生提供技术支持，总之是帮助resident拥有responsibility(有题)。后来学生就问不知道是不是对她所在的专业有帮助，教授解释说有什么样的好处。

　　-TPO部分对应参考(TPO18-C2)

Lecture 3

　　戴珍珠耳环的少女。一开始讲了这幅画，然后说这幅画不是portrait而是某个t开头的词，介绍这两种在形式上的不同，各种颜色一一，还有她耳环的反光，她嘴唇反光，她的嘴巴微微张开，这些都是这个女孩的表情，你看她的表情怎样，这幅画像人物很神秘，没有背景事件甚至hair style，然后一个同学提到了蒙娜丽莎。教授就开始讲说达芬奇画的蒙娜丽莎，科学家用一个表情分析仪器来分析蒙娜丽莎的情感。然后回到这幅画，就说这幅画很elusive，针对elusive说了很多，问大家有没有看过opera电影，都是根据这个想象出来的。最后说到这幅画的测定，同时作画的具体时间也是未知的，可能跟作者的孩子有关。

　　-TPO部分对应参考(TPO17-L1)

　　-TPO对应词汇

　　portrait(portray)肖像, 人像、

　　still life静物

　　sculpture雕塑

　　statue人物雕像

　　critic评论家

　　criticism批评，评论

　　reviewn.评论

　　masterpiece杰作

　　haveaesthetic value 有美学价值

　　aestheticappeal 美学吸引力

　　feature特点

　　characteristics特点

　　distinctadj.与众不同的

　　unique独一无二的

　　style风格

　　technique技巧

　　brush画笔

　　canvas油画布

　　charcoaldrawing 木炭画

　　engraving版画

　　landscapepainting 风景画

　　lithograph石版画

　　fresco壁画

　　mural壁画

Lecture 4

　　key species。一开始用了一个其他领域的例子来论证某个生物的作用，有了foundation我们的生活才能变得更加美好，能够帮助保持生态平衡，所以它很有用处，这里有题问教授为什么解释这么多。然后学生问是不是不同地方的ks不一样，教授说是的，然后开始说otter，otter是他们哪一个地区的ks，又降到了kelp,说ks吃海胆，然后还单吃kelp，所以otter就帮助那一块平衡生态系统。但是后来因为人类出现了，大量捕食otter，导致了urchin的肆意生长，最后那地方就只有urchin了，没有其他生物。另外一个美洲还是非洲的大象，也是那个地方的ks，大象会吃什么东西，然后找吃的时候会把边上的brush弄到(有题)。

　　-TPO部分对应参考(TPO22-L3)

2015年11月21日大陆托福口语解析

Task 1

　　Talk about one of your special ways to study.

One of my special ways to study is to make wise use of my smart phone. It may sound crazy to study using a smart phone at first, but here are some reasons you may find convincing. Firstly, it significantly increased my study efficiency. Before when I was in class, I needed to spend a lot of time taking notes, not only was it tiresome, it also made me miss a lot of important information my teacher had to say. Now I bring my smart phone with me to class, and every time I need to take notes, I simply take a picture of the screen in front. It helped me better focus on what the teacher is saying and it's so much more time-saving. Besides that, I also started a study group using WeChat, my classmates and I share class notes and our ideas for group projects there all the time. So using my smart phone has been a pretty unique and efficient way to help me study.

Task 2

　　Do you agree or disagree that it's acceptable for students to disagree with their instructors?

　　I agree that it's acceptable for students to disagree with their instructors for the following reasons. Firstly, disagreeing with our instructors means that we are thinking independently and may even push us to study harder. Take myself as an example, when I was in college, I sometimes would disagree with what my instructor said in our philosophy class, so what did I do? Every time I finished my philosophy class, I'd spend hours in the university library trying to find proof to prove that I was right and he was wrong. In the end, it didn't even matter any more who was right or who was wrong. What was important was that through the process of trying to prove myself right, I learnt a lot of new things that I didn't learn in class. Plus, it's important for universities to protect the ideas of students, if we don't allow them to disagree with something, they will never be able to build up their independent thinking ability and critical thinking ability.

Task 3

The university is planning to open the university gym to people off-campus due to two reasons. The first reason is that the university can charge them a monthly fee and use the money to upgrade the gym facility. And the second reason is that it won't affect the students' life that much. In the conversation, the woman agrees with the plan. Her first reason is that it'd necessary now for the university to upgrade the facilities because some of them are really old, this way the university doesn't have to charge the students or the faculty. As for the second reason, she mentions that it's a pretty small town anyway, so not a lot of people will use the gym and it won't make too big a difference for students.

　　Task 4

In the lecture, the professor introduces the concept of generalizing which means children are able to realize that a word doesn't only mean a specific object but also other means other objects of the same category as they grow up. He offers us an example of his own son. When he was much younger, he learnt the word 'train', at first his understanding of this word was pretty limited, he thought it only referred to his toy train. But as he grew up, it came to his understanding that the word 'train' not only refers to his toy train but also other real trains in life. That's how the professor uses the example of his son to illustrate the concept of generalizing.

　　Task 5

The man's problem is that he wants to go on a trip with his French club during spring break but he can't afford it. There are two possible solutions for him. The first solution is to pick up some extra shifts at work. And the second solution is to sell his guitar and uses the money for the trip. If I were in his shoes, I'd go for the second solution because I don't see the importance of his guitar in his life, it's not like he's going to be a musician or something, it wouldn't hurt to sell it and use the money for the trip he really wants to take. I personally don't recommend the other solution because he has an upcoming exam and picking up extra shifts would take up the time he's supposed to spend on studying.

　　Task 6

　　In the lecture, the professor introduces two benefits of loyal customers. The first one is to spread positive information about the company. For example, there's a guy whose car broke down, so he took it to a repair shop, he really enjoyed the service there and thought it was nice and attentive. So next time if his friend's car broke down, he would definitely recommend this repair shop to his friend. The other benefit is that loyal customers can be helpful to the other customers. For example, the professor encountered a guy who couldn't find books about history when she was in her favorite bookstore, so she led the guy to where all the history books were directly without troubling a shop assistant.

2015年11月21日大陆托福写作解析

综合写作

独立写作

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The most important thing people learned is from families.

The advent and proliferation of personal computers, the widespread adoption of cell-phones, and the invention of the internet—not to mention the great abundance of literature of child-rearing— have all had a visible impact on how parents interact with their children. From my perspective, the influence of families becomes less.

　　While admittedly we spend the major of our early years with our families and are heavily influenced by them, we eventually leave the nest and are more affected by our peers and our community. When we were younger, our parents and other relatives are the ones that we spent the majority of our time with. Hence due to both our genetic predisposition and our social interactions, we share a lot of the same values and tastes as our relatives. We learn how to face the world and deal with various situations. Many say that we inherit our temper from our parents. It’s easy to see why when we were around them so much.

　　But as we grow older, we begin to shift our time away from family and more towards our peers. Teenagers, especially, develop a stronger bond with people of their same age and begin to emotionally distance themselves from their parents. Such is the inevitable result of adolescence. Children during this period are continuing to learn important life lessons, but they do so often from the activities they engage in with their friends. The successes, the mistakes, the happy and sad times all becomes part of the education for them. A typical child in high school spends nine hours a day with his classmates and then another three if he engages in after school activities or sports. And when children become adults, the time spent with family decrease even more dramatically.

　　Young adults move off to new cities and begin to be actively engaged in their community. Those who have developed a strong sense of self will seek out people of common interests and form bonds with them. This later stage of learning is perhaps the most significant, because it is during this period that we solidify the identities that will last us for a lifetime.

　　In conclusion, although people inherit gene, preference and temper from their families, more impact is from peers and learn from community.